Creating Conversos

Roger Louis Martínez-Dávila

Description

In Creating Conversos, Roger Louis Martínez-Dávila skillfully unravels the complex story of Jews who converted to Catholicism in Spain between the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries, migrated to colonial Mexico and Bolivia during the conquest of the Americas, and assumed prominent church and government positions. Rather than acting as alienated and marginalized subjects, the conversos were able to craft new identities and strategies not just for survival but for prospering in the most adverse circumstances. Martínez-Dávila provides an extensive, elaborately detailed case study of the Carvajal–Santa María clan from its beginnings in late fourteenth-century Castile. By tracing the family ties and intermarriages of the Jewish rabbinic ha-Levi lineage of Burgos, Spain (which became the converso Santa María clan) with the Old Christian Carvajal line of Plasencia, Spain, Martínez-Dávila demonstrates the family's changing identity, and how the monolithic notions of ethnic and religious disposition were broken down by the group and negotiated anew as they transformed themselves from marginal into mainstream characters at the center of the economies of power in the world they inhabited. They succeeded in rising to the pinnacles of power within the church hierarchy in Spain, even to the point of contesting the succession to the papacy and overseeing the Inquisitorial investigation and execution of extended family members, including Luis de Carvajal "The Younger" and most of his immediate family during the 1590s in Mexico City. Martinez-Dávila offers a rich panorama of the many forces that shaped the emergence of modern Spain, including tax policies, rivalries among the nobility, and ecclesiastical politics. The extensive genealogical research enriches the historical reconstruction, filling in gaps and illuminating contradictions in standard contemporary narratives. His text is strengthened by many family trees that assist the reader as the threads of political and social relationships are carefully disentangled.

Sujets

• Jewish Studies
• Jewish
• HISTORY
• Histoire
• Jews
• Catholicism
• General officer
• Spanish
• Spain
• Latin America
• Judaism
• Spain (groupe)
• General
• Jew
• Europe

Informations

• Publié par: University of Notre Dame Press
• Date de parution: 30 avril 2018
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9780268103248
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 14 Mo

Extrait

Creating Conversos
CREATING CONVERSOS
The Carvajal–Santa María Family in Early Modern Spain
ROGER LOUIS MARTÍNEZ-DÁVILA
UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME PRESS NOTRE DAME, INDIANA
University of Notre Dame Press Notre Dame, Indiana 46556 www.undpress.nd.edu
Copyright © 2018 by the University of Notre Dame
All Rights Reserved
Published in the United States of America
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Martínez-Dávila, Roger L., author.
Title: Creating conversos : the Carvajal/Santa Maria family in early modern Spain / Roger Louis Martínez-Dávila.
Description: Notre Dame, Indiana : University of Notre Dame Press, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017056500 (print) | LCCN 2017055957 (ebook) | ISBN 9780268103217 (hardcover : alk. paper) | ISBN 0268103216 (hardcover : alk. paper) | ISBN 9780268103231 (pdf) | ISBN 9780268103248 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Carvajal family. | Crypto-Jews—Spain—Castile—History. | Jews—Spain—Castile—History. | Castile (Spain)—History. | Spain—History.
Classification: LCC CS959 . C32 2018 (ebook) | LCC CS959 (print) | DDC 929.20946—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017056500
∞ This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper).
This e-Book was converted from the original source file by a third-party vendor. Readers who notice any formatting, textual, or readability issues are encouraged to contact the publisher at [e-mail]
CONTENTS
Abbreviations of Archives and Libraries
List of Illustrations and Tables
Acknowledgments
Note to the Reader
Introduction
1 Origins
2 Crisis and Impetus
3 Opportunity
4 Innovation
5 Turmoil and Struggle
6 Memory and Religion
7 Success and Loyalty
8 Complications from the Past Threaten the Future
Notes
Bibliography
Index
ABBREVIATIONS OF ARCHIVES AND LIBRARIES ABAMT Archivo-Biblioteca Arquidiocesanos Monseñor Taborga (Bolivia) ABNB Archivo y Biblioteca Nacionales de Bolivia ACP Archivo de la Catedral de Plasencia (Spain) ACV Archivo de la Catedral de Valladolid (Spain) AGI Archivo General de Indias (Spain) AGN Archivo General de la Nación (Mexico) AGS Archivo General de Simancas (Spain) AHCB Archivo Histórico de la Catedral de Burgos (Spain) AHMB Archivo Histórico Municipal de Burgos (Spain) AHPC Archivo Histórico Provincial de Cáceres (Spain) AHN Archivo Histórico Nacional (Spain) AHNSN Archivo Histórico Nacional, Sección Nobleza (Spain) AMP Archivo Municipal de Plasencia (Spain) ARCV Archivo de la Real Chancillería de Valladolid (Spain) ASAV Archivum Secretum Apostolicum Vaticanum (Vatican City) AUS Archivo de la Universidad de Salamanca (Spain) BNE Biblioteca Nacional de España (Spain) BUS Biblioteca de la Universidad de Salamanca (Spain) HL Huntington Library (U. S. A.) RAH Biblioteca de la Real Academia de la Historia (Spain)
ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLES
FIGURES
0.1. Portrait of Cardinal Bernardino López de Carvajal. Source: Biblioteca Nacional de España. Used with permission.
0.2. Portrait of Bishop Pablo de Santa María. Source: Biblioteca Nacional de España. Used with permission.
1.1. Late medieval Iberia. Author-created map. Google Maps Pro. Used with permission.
1.2. Luis de Toro’s sixteenth-century etching of the city of Plasencia. Source: Biblioteca de la Universidad de Salamanca (BUS), MS 2.650. Descripción de la Ciudad y Obispado de Plasencia por Luis de Toro, fols. 25–26. Used with permission.
1.3. Map of the city of Plasencia. Source: Revealing Cooperation and Conflict Project. Used with permission.
1.4. Digital painting of the Church of Saint Nicholas. Source: Revealing Cooperation and Conflict Project. Painting by David Seidman.
1.5. Digital painting of the synagogue of Plasencia. The synagogue is no longer in existence. This visualization uses the original footprint of the synagogue and incorporates architectural elements from other fifteenth-century synagogues that remain intact in Ávila, Córdoba, and Toledo. Source: Revealing Cooperation and Conflict Project. Painting by David Seidman.
1.6. Digital painting of the plaza of Saint Nicholas. Church of Saint Nicholas (left), synagogue of Plasencia (center), and Palace of Mirabel (right). Source: Revealing Cooperation and Conflict Project. Painting by David Seidman.
1.7. Facade of the Old Cathedral of Plasencia. Photo by author.
1.8. Diagram of the Old Cathedral of Plasencia. Prepared by author.
2.1. Stucco plaque commemorating the founding of El Tránsito Synagogue (Toledo, Spain). Source: David Bláquez. Used with permission.
2.2. Genealogy of Diego González de Carvajal y Vargas and Sevilla López de Villalobos (early fifteenth century).
2.3. Genealogy of Diego González de Carvajal, his three wives, and his children.
2.4. Genealogy of the Santa María family in Plasencia (fourteenth and fifteenth centuries).
2.5. Genealogy of the Estúñiga and the Leyva Families (early fifteenth century).
2.6. Three-dimensional visualization of Apartamiento de La Mota (fourteenth century). Source: Revealing Cooperation and Conflict Project, Virtual Plasencia, v1.6.
3.1. Carvajal, Santa María, and Sánchez family relations.
3.2. Villalva, Almaraz, Trejo, Carvajal, and Santa María family relations.
3.3. Gutiérrez, Carvajal, and Santa María family relations.
4.1. Carvajal and Trejo family relations.
4.2. Map detail from Luis de Toro’s sixteenth-century etching of Plasencia (fig. 1.2). Source: Biblioteca de la Universidad de Salamanca (BUS), MS 2.650. Descripción de la Ciudad y Obispado de Plasencia por Luis de Toro, fols. 25–26. Used with permission.
4.3a. Overview map (from fig. 1.3) of Jewish, Muslim, and Christian residence and interaction patterns in Plasencia, 1420s–1440s.
4.3b. Plaza Mayor and Muslim quarter.
4.3c. Cathedral area and Calle de Trujillo.
4.3d. La Mota and Calle de Zapatería.
4.4. Digital reproduction of the plaza of Saint Nicholas, mid-fifteenth century. Source: Revealing Cooperation and Conflict Project, Virtual Plasencia, v1.6.
5.1. García Álvarez de Toledo’s castle at Oropesa. Photo by author.
5.2. Adopting the Carvajal surname and choosing new surnames.
5.3. Immediate family of Juan de Carvajal.
6.1. Carvajal-Camargo family heraldry on the facade of the Convent of Saint Clare. Carvajal coat of arms (left) and Camargo coat of arms (right). Photo by author.
6.2. Convent of Saint Clare’s third-floor ceiling beams with Carvajal heraldry. Photo by author.
6.3. Altar mayor of the Old Cathedral of Plasencia. Photo by author.
6.4. Retablo mayor in the Old Cathedral of Plasencia, Virgin of the Tabernacle. Photo by author.
6.5. Virgin of the Tabernacle. This portrait of Mary with Christ is heavily damaged as it was carried in outdoor processions in the sixteenth through eighteenth centuries. However, most of the damage to the painting is the result of heavyhanded cleaning with hot water and soap in 1892, which destroyed the portrait’s finish, removed much of its detail, and may have required repair. Source: Benavides, Prelados placentinos . Photo by author.
6.6. Lower panel with baldachin and praying statue. Photo by author.
6.7a. Old Cathedral central nave. Photo by author.
6.7b. Cloister heraldic detail. Santa María heraldry (flores del lilio) incorporated into the cathedral’s cloister. Photo by author.
6.8a. Cardinal Juan de Carvajal’s cloister fountain. Photos by author.
6.8b. Fountain detail, Cardinal Juan de Carvajal’s ecclesiastical shield.
6.9. Cardinal Juan de Carvajal monstrance. Photo by author.
6.10. Portion of Chapel of Saint Paul, with quatrefoil opening at the top of the peaked arch. Photo by author.
6.11. Carvajal monstrance base. Photo by author.
6.12a. Chapel of Canon Martín González de Carvajal. Photos by author.
6.12b. Chapel detail, upper view with statues and heraldry.
6.12c. Chapel detail, exterior coat of arms.
6.12d. Chapel detail, interior coat of arms.
7.1. Displacement and relocation of synagogue and Jewish community, 1477–1492.
7.2. Palacio de Mirabel (Palace of Mirabel) (home of count of Plasencia and Béjar). Photo by author.
7.3. Palacio de Mirabel (Palace of Mirabel) (right section of structures) and the former Synagogue of Plasencia/Convent of San Vicente Ferrer (left section). Photo by author.
7.4. Casa de Dos Torres. Photo by author.
7.5. Puerta de Trujillo. Photo by author.
7.6. Sistine Chapel, Apostolic Palace. Creative Commons. Used with permission.
8.1a. Spanish and Mexican families, fifteenth–seventeenth centuries. Part 1.
8.1b. Spanish and Mexican families, fifteenth–seventeenth centuries. Part 2.
8.2. Inquisitorial Palace, Mexico City. Creative Commons. Used with permission.
8.3. View of Cerro Rico from Potosí, Bolivia. Photo by author.
CHARTS
4.1. Comparative Average Lease Rates for Church Officials and Community Members, 1399–1453.
4.2. Percent of Cathedral Leases Granted to the Fernández, Santa María, Carvajal, Martínez, and Other Families, 1400–1423.
4.3. Total Annual Value of All Cathedral Property Leases, 1424–1431.
TABLES
2.1. New Elite Family Mayorazgos in Castile, Fourteenth to Fifteenth Centuries.
2.2. Cathedral of Plasencia’s 1390s Accoun