Medical Transitions in Twentieth-Century China

Description

This volume examines important aspects of China's century-long search to provide appropriate and effective health care for its people. Four subjects—disease and healing, encounters and accommodations, institutions and professions, and people's health—organize discussions across case studies of schistosomiasis, tuberculosis, mental health, and tobacco and health. Among the book's significant conclusions are the importance of barefoot doctors in disseminating western medicine, the improvements in medical health and services during the long Sino-Japanese war, and the important role of the Chinese consumer. Intended for an audience of health practitioners, historians, and others interested in the history of medicine and health in China, the book is one of three commissioned by the China Medical Board to mark its centennial in 2014.

Acknowledgements
Introduction
Part 1: Health Transitions
1. China's Exceptional Health Transitions: Overcoming the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse / Lincoln Chen and Chen Ling
2. Changing Patterns of Diseases and Longevity: The evolution of health in 20th century Beijing / Zhang Daqing
3. Maternal and Child Health in Nineteenth- to Twenty-first-Century China / Yi-li Wu and Tina Johnson
4. Tobacco Smoking and Health in Twentieth-Century China / Carol Benedict
Part 2: Disease Transitions
5. Epidemics and Public Health in Twentieth-Century China / Yu Xinzhong
6. Schistosomiasis / Miriam Gross and Fan Ka Wai
7. Tuberculosis control in Shanghai: bringing health to the masses, 1928-present / Rachel Core
8. The Development of Psychiatric Services in China: Christianity, Communism and Community / Veronica Pearson
Part 3: Adaptations and Innovations
9. Foreign Models of Medicine in Twentieth-Century China: Part One / Gao Xi
10. John B. Grant: Public Health and State Medicine / Bu Liping
11. The Influence of War on China's Modern Health Systems / Nicole Barnes and John Watt
12. The Institutionalization of Chinese Medicine / Volker Scheid and Sean Hsiang-lin Lei
13. Barefoot doctors and the provision of rural health care / Fang Xiaoping
Part 4: Professional Transitions
14. A Case Study of Transnational Flows of Chinese Medical Professionals: China Medical Board and Rockefeller Foundation Fellows / Mary Brown Bullock
15. The Development of Modern Nursing in China / Sonya Grypma and Zhen Cheng
16. The Evolution of the Hospital in Twentieth-Century China / Michelle Renshaw
Conclusion
Appendix: Timeline
Notes
General Bibliography
Contributors
Index

Sujets

• Médecine
• Médecine Générale
• Public Health
• HISTORY
• Histoire
• History of medicine
• History of Asia
• Asia
• China

Informations

• Publié par: Indiana University Press
• Date de parution: 14 août 2014
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9780253014948
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

MEDICAL TRANSITIONS IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY CHINA
MEDICAL TRANSITIONS IN T WENTIETH -C ENTURY C HINA
Edited by Bridie Andrews and Mary Brown Bullock
This book is a publication of
Indiana University Press Office of Scholarly Publishing Herman B Wells Library 350 1320 East 10th Street Bloomington, Indiana 47405 USA
iupress.indiana.edu
Telephone orders 800-842-6796 Fax orders 812-855-7931
2014 by The China Medical Board
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. The Association of American University Presses Resolution on Permissions constitutes the only exception to this prohibition.
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences- Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992.
Manufactured in the United States of America
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Medical transitions in twentieth-century China / edited by Bridie Andrews and Mary Brown Bullock.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-253-01485-6 (cloth : alk. paper) - ISBN 978-0-253- 01490-0 (pbk. : alk. paper) - ISBN 978-0-253-01494-8 (ebook)
I. Andrews, Bridie, editor. II. Bullock, Mary Brown, editor.
[DNLM: 1. History of Medicine-China. 2. History, 20th Century-China. 3. Public Health-history-China. 4. Public Health-trends-China. WZ 70 JC6]
R601
610.951-dc23
2014 011883
1 2 3 4 5 19 18 17 16 15 14
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Introduction / Mary Brown Bullock and Bridie Andrews
Part I. Health Transitions
1 China s Exceptional Health Transitions: Overcoming the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse / Lincoln Chen and Ling Chen
2 Changing Patterns of Diseases and Longevity: The Evolution of Health in Twentieth-Century Beijing / Daqing Zhang
3 Maternal and Child Health in Nineteenth- to Twenty-First-Century China / Tina Phillips Johnson and Yi-Li Wu
4 Tobacco Smoking and Health in Twentieth-Century China / Carol Benedict
Part II. Disease Transitions
5 Epidemics and Public Health in Twentieth-Century China: Plague, Smallpox, and AIDS / Xinzhong Yu
6 Schistosomiasis / Miriam Gross and Kawai Fan
7 Tuberculosis Control in Shanghai: Bringing Health to the Masses, 1928-Present / Rachel Core
8 The Development of Psychiatric Services in China: Christianity, Communism, and Community / Veronica Pearson
Part III. Adaptations and Innovations
9 Foreign Models of Medicine in Twentieth-Century China / Xi Gao
10 John B. Grant: Public Health and State Medicine / Liping Bu
11 The Influence of War on China s Modern Health Systems / Nicole Elizabeth Barnes and John R. Watt
12 The Institutionalization of Chinese Medicine / Volker Scheid and Sean Hsiang-lin Lei
13 Barefoot Doctors and the Provision of Rural Health Care / Xiaoping Fang
Part IV. Professional Transitions
14 A Case Study of Transnational Flows of Chinese Medical Professionals: China Medical Board and Rockefeller Foundation Fellows / Mary Brown Bullock
15 The Development of Modern Nursing in China / Sonya Grypma and Cheng Zhen
16 The Evolution of the Hospital in Twentieth-Century China / Michelle Renshaw
Conclusions: The History of Medicine in Twentieth-Century China / Bridie Andrews
Appendix: Timeline
Bibliography
List of Contributors
Index
Preface
T HIS VOLUME IS one of several projects which celebrate the centenary of the China Medical Board (CMB). Our aim is to provide a broad overview of the history of medicine in China rather than a narrow institutional history of the CMB, but readers may find it helpful to have a summary of the mission and history of the CMB here.
The CMB s work began in 1914 when it was created by the Rockefeller Foundation to manage philanthropic funding for the Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), the cradle of modern medicine in China. In the first half of the twentieth century, most of the CMB s resources went toward the construction and development of PUMC, which was the largest investment project in Rockefeller Foundation history. In 1928, the CMB was endowed as an independent American foundation for the continuing support of PUMC. Through war and chaos, PUMC not only endured but flourished. Its faculty and graduates founded many key clinical specialties in China and developed innovations such as a three-tiered rural health system. The CMB continued to work in China after the establishment of the People s Republic of China in 1949, but two years later, in 1951, the Chinese government nationalized PUMC, ending the decades-long relationship.
Starting in the 1950s, the CMB expanded its capacity-building work into other Asian countries: Japan, Korea, Hong Kong, the Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Taiwan. Today, the CMB remains active in mainland Southeast Asia, supporting universities to strengthen education and research in medicine, nursing, and public health.
In 1980, the CMB accepted an invitation to return to China and has since expanded its support of medical education and research to more than a dozen medical universities. From 1980 to 2008, the CMB invested strategically in medical research and education. In medical education, it developed the Global Minimum Essential Requirements (GMER), seeded innovations, and established four centers at Central South University, China Medical University, Sichuan University, and PUMC.
In 2008, the CMB launched a fresh initiative to strengthen scientific excellence in critical capacities among Chinese and Asian institutions in order to promote equitable access to primary and preventive health services. This initiative refocused the CMB s efforts on advancing the field of health policy and systems sciences (HPSS), building capacity in health professional education, and directing resources to rural health.
Conventions
For consistency, all our authors are listed by given name followed by family name. Chinese names within the chapters have been given in the Chinese style, family name first, using pinyin romanization. For the Republican era (1912-1949), it has been necessary to make some exceptions to this rule. Before the pinyin system was designed in the 1950s, many Chinese published in English using other romanizations (for example, Jin Baoshan, who published as P. Z. King; and Wu Liande, who published as Wu Lien-teh). In these cases, we have attempted to provide all versions (Chinese, modern pinyin, and the author s preferred romanization) on first usage. When citing publications written in Chinese, we have indexed names according to pinyin. When citing publications written in English, we have used the authors preferred rendering of their names and supplied the pinyin versions in parentheses following those names in the Chinese-language section of the bibliography. For institutions and publications during the Republican era, we have rendered Chinese using traditional (unsimplified) characters; for the People s Republic of China we have used simplified characters.
Acknowledgments
T HIS VOLUME HAS been a couple of years in the making, with input and assistance from many quarters, which we are happy to acknowledge here.
Lincoln Chen first conceived of a series of history volumes to mark the 2014 centenary of the China Medical Board, of which he is president, and provided the resources and enthusiasm that have made it possible. We owe the existence of the volume and the wonderful intellectual exchanges it has generated to his vision. Emma Rothschild helped shape the project and brought the leadership and editorial personnel together over some wonderful dinners, and William Summers, Paul Cohen, and Charles Rosenberg provided essential scholarly orientation during the planning phase.
Our papers got their first readings at a conference held at MIT s Endicott House with the help of Camilla Harris and Betty DaSilva. Logistical and translation assistance was provided by Bentley University graduate students Angie Mengxi Luo, Wei Wang, Lily Guan, and Ying Zheng, and the complexities of U.S. visa and tax requirements were ably handled by Maria Bergmann, James Fuerst, Donna Delulio, and Donna McKnight at Bentley. We were saddened that illness prevented one of our attendees, Professor Hu Cheng of Nanjing University, from continuing with the project but would nonetheless like to express our appreciation for his contribution here.
In Beijing, CMB staff Echo Zong, Mariel Reed, Roman Xu, and Linda Zhou were gracious hosts, as were Peking Union Medical College staff members Yuhong Jiang and Zhang Xia. Susan Gatewood made sure that everyone arrived safely.
During the editing process, we were fortunate to have the translating expertise of Sabine Wilms and the English editing of Michelle Renshaw. The process of romanizing Russian names correctly was made easy with the kind assistance of Leonid Trofimov, historian of Russia at Bentley. The difficult task of creating a uniform style and bibliography was achieved with great skill and good humor by Rebecca Scofield and Mary Augusta Brazelton. At the CMB Cambridge office, Jennifer Ryan s editorial professionalism and encouragement was essential to the management of our multiple agendas and deadlines. She was ably assisted by Joshua Bocher. CMB staff Shenique Bennett, Sally Paquet, and Sarah Wood provided essential administrative support.
At Indiana University Press, our project editor Michelle Sybert and copyeditor Eric Levy were expert and conscientious guides through the publishing process, providing consistency and attention to detail that are rare and precious in today s publishing world. Thank you.
MEDICAL TRANSITIONS IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY CHINA
Introduction
Mary Brown Bullock and Bridie Andrews
T HE MODERN HISTORY of medicine and public health i