Military Inc.

Ayesha Siddiqa

Description

Pakistan is a strategic ally of the US in the ‘war on terror’. It is the third largest recipient of US aid in the world. Yet Pakistan is a state run by its army and intelligence service.



Operating in the shadows, Pakistan’s military industrial complex owns and controls swathes of the economic and political landscape of the country. Military Inc. dares to illuminate the military as an oppressive holding company possessing not just security-related businesses, but also hotels, shopping malls, insurance companies, banks, farms and even an airline. The result is a deeply undemocratic society, where money is funnelled towards the military's economic enterprises, leaving those in need of it impoverished and effectively disenfranchised.



With an empirical richness, and a view to Pakistan’s recent history, Ayesha Siddiqa offers a detailed and powerful case study of a global phenomenon: corruption, hollow economic growth and elitism.



This new edition includes a chapter on the recent developments of the military's foray into the media, and a new preface.
List of Figures

List of Tables

List of Acronyms

Acknowledgements

Preface to the Second Edition

Introduction

1. Milbus: A Theoretical Concept

2. The Pakistan Military: The Development of Praetorianism, 1947-77

3. Evolution of the Military Class, 1977-2005

4. The Structure of Milbus

5. Milbus: The Formative Years, 1954-77

6. Expansion of Milbus, 1977-2005

7. The New Land Barons

8. Providing for the Men: Military Welfare

9. The Cost of Milbus

10. Milbus and the Future of Pakistan

Postscript to the Second Edition

11. From Military Government to Military Governance, 2007–16

12. From Military Inc. to Media Inc.

Notes

References

Index

Sujets

• Military Science
• Economic Policy
• Public Policy
• POLITICAL SCIENCE
• Histoire
• Military Intelligence
• Pakistán
• Military administration
• War on Terror
• Military?industrial complex
• Military
• Political economy
• Pakistani Armed Forces
• Middle East
• History
• Pakistan
• Guerre contre le terrorisme

Informations

• Publié par: Pluto Press
• Date de parution: 20 novembre 2016
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781786800121
• Langue: English

Extrait

Military Inc.
Military Inc.
Inside Pakistan’s Military Economy
SECOND EDITION
Ayesha Siddiqa
First published 2007 by Pluto Press
345 Archway Road, London N6 5AA
Second edition 2017
www.plutobooks.com
Copyright © Ayesha Siddiqa 2007, 2017
The right of Ayesha Siddiqa to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978 0 7453 9902 7 Hardback
ISBN 978 0 7453 9901 0 Paperback
ISBN 978 1 7868 0011 4 PDF eBook
ISBN 978 1 7868 0013 8 Kindle eBook
ISBN 978 1 7868 0012 1 EPUB eBook
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental standards of the country of origin.
Typeset by Stanford DTP Services, Northampton, England
Simultaneously printed in the United Kingdom and United States of America
To the hope in my life, Sohail, and the wretched of my land
We shall live to see, So it is writ, We shall live to see, The day that’s been promised, The day that’s been ordained; The day when mountains of oppression, Will blow away like wisps of cotton; When the earth will dance Beneath the feet of the once enslaved; And heavens’ll shake with thunder Over the heads of tyrants; And the idols in the House of God Will be thrown out; We, the rejects of the earth, Will be raised to a place of honor. All crowns’ll be tossed in the air, All thrones’ll be smashed. And God’s word will prevail, He who is both present and absent He who’s beheld and is the beholder. And truth shall ring in every ear, Truth which is you and I, We, the people will rule the earth Which means you, which means I.
Faiz Ahmed Faiz America, January 1979
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Acronyms
Acknowledgements
Preface to the Second Edition
Introduction
Defining Milbus ; Literature survey ; What drives Milbus? ; Consequences of Milbus ; Milbus and Pakistan ; Outline of the book
Chapter 1 Milbus: A Theoretical Concept
Civil–military relations framework ; A typology of civil–military relations ; The civil–military partnership type ; The authoritarian–political–military partnership type ; The ruler military type ; The arbitrator military type ; The parent-guardian military type ; The warlord type
Chapter 2 The Pakistan Military: The Development of Praetorianism, 1947–77
The military institution ; The military’s primary role ; The military’s secondary role ; The military in politics and governance ; Initiation to power, 1947–58 ; The rise to power, 1958–71 ; Returning to democracy, 1971–7
Chapter 3 Evolution of the Military Class, 1977–2005
The coercive military, 1977–88 ; A thorny partnership, 1988–99 ; Consolidation of power, 1999–2005 ; Evolving into a military class
Chapter 4 The Structure of Milbus
The economic empire ; Level 1: the organization ; Level 2: the subsidiaries ; Level 3: the members
Chapter 5 Milbus: The Formative Years, 1954–77
Setting up the economic empire, 1954–69 ; The era of restraint, 1969–77
Chapter 6 Expansion of Milbus, 1977–2005
Re-establishing financial autonomy, 1977–88 ; Civilian–military politico-economic integration, 1988–99 ; Consolidating the economic interests, 1999–2005
Chapter 7 The New Land Barons
The military and land ; Urban land acquisition ; The sociology of military land
Chapter 8 Providing for the Men: Military Welfare
Military welfare ; The Fauji Foundation model ; The AWT model ; Welfare for individuals ; The political geography of military welfare
Chapter 9 The Cost of Milbus
The cost of economic inefficiency ; Army Welfare Trust: a financial assessment ; Fauji Foundation ; Shaheen Foundation ; Resource pilferage ; Frontier Works Organization ; Economic opportunity cost
Chapter 10 Milbus and the Future of Pakistan
Recapping Milbus ; Milbus in Pakistan ; Milbus and military professionalism ; The politics of Pakistan ; The impact of Milbus in the future
POSTSCRIPT TO THE SECOND EDITION
Chapter 11 From Military Government to Military Governance, 2007–16
From military dominance to military hegemony ; Expansion of Milbus
Chapter 12 From Military Inc. to Media Inc.
From control to hegemonic power ; The image management infrastructure
Notes
References
Index
Figures
4.1 Milbus: the structure
4.2 Structure of the National Logistic Cell
4.3 The sign of Bahria Foundation College, Bahawalpur, marks it as a subsidiary of the Pakistan Navy
4.4 The military’s institutional linkage with Milbus
4.5 Organizational chart of the Fauji Foundation
4.6 Organizational chart of the Army Welfare Trust
4.7 Organizational chart of the Shaheen Foundation
4.8 Organizational chart of the Bahria Foundation
6.1 Division of the defence budget
7.1 Military urban real estate
8.1 Ethnic division of military pensioners: JCOs and other ranks
8.2 Military pensioners: officer cadre
8.3 Military pensioners data, Punjab
8.4 Military pensioners data, NWFP
8.5 Military pensioners data, Sindh
Map 1 Placement of welfare foundation businesses
12.1 From military control to hegemony
12.2 Controlling the narrative
Tables
1.1 Civil–military relations: the six typologies
1.2 Types of civil–military relations
1.3 The three military types
4.1 The Pakistan military’s control of the economy
4.2 List of Fauji Foundation projects
4.3 List of AWT projects
4.4 List of SF projects
4.5 List of BF projects
6.1 Comparative capacity for cargo transport, 1995–2000
6.2 Pakistan: defence versus development
7.1 Land allotment to military personnel, 1965–2003
7.2 Division of 11.58 million acres of military-controlled land
7.3 Land entitlement for military personnel
8.1 Comparative sizes of military and civilian pensions
8.2 The AWT’s Welfare Fund contribution
9.1 AWT’s stagnant investments, 2001
9.2 AWT’s percentage return on total assets by sector
9.3 AWT’s percentage return on fixed assets by sector
9.4 AWT’s percentage return on capital employed by sector
9.5 AWT’s percentage return on equity by sector
9.6 Comparison of the performance of AWT subsidiaries and associates
9.7 Profit/loss of AWT projects, 2001
9.8 Profit/loss of Fauji Foundation projects, 2001
9.9 Debt-to-equity ratio, Fauji Kabirwala power company
9.10 Net profit as a percentage of total assets for FF projects
9.11 Current ratio of liabilities to assets for FF projects
9.12 Fauji-Jordan Fertilizer Company operating profit margin
9.13 Assets of military-owned and related companies, 2002
11.1 Military and politics in Pakistan
Acronyms
ABL
Allied Bank Ltd
ABRI
Angkatan Bersenjata Republic Indonesia (armed forces of the Republic of Indonesia)
ACL
Askari Cement Ltd
ADB
Asian Development Bank
AEB
Askari Education Board
AG
adjutant-general
AMAA
Army Mutual Assistance Association (Turkey)
AWACS
airborne early-warning aircraft system
AWNCP
Army Welfare Nizampur Cement Project (Pakistan)
AWT
Army Welfare Trust (Pakistan)
BICC
Bonn International Center for Conversion
BCCI
Bank of Credit and Commerce International
BF
Bahria Foundation (Pakistan)
CDA
Capital Development Authority/Cholistan Development Authority (Pakistan)
CENTO
Central Treaty Organization
CGS
chief of general staff
CLS
chief of logistics staff – Pakistan Army
CNS
chief of naval staff
CoD
Charter of Democracy (Pakistan)
CPJ
Committee to Protect Journalists (Pakistan)
DCC
Cabinet Committee for Defence (Pakistan)
DHA
Defence Housing Authority (Pakistan)
EBDO
Elective Bodies Disqualification Ordinance (Pakistan)
FF
Fauji Foundation
FFC
Fauji Fertilizer Company Ltd
FJFC
Fauji-Jordan Fertilizer Company
FOTCO
Fauji Oil Terminal and Distribution Company Ltd
FSF
Federal Security Force (Pakistan)
FWO
Frontier Works Organization (Pakistan)
GHQ
General Headquarters
IJI
Islami Jamhoori Ittihad party (Pakistan)
IMF
International Monetary Fund
ISI
Inter-Services Intelligence (Pakistan)
ISPR
Inter-Services Public Relations (Pakistan)
JS HQ
Joint Staffs Headquarters (Pakistan)
JCO
junior commissioned officer
JCSC
Joint Chief of Staffs Committee (Pakistan)
KPT
Karachi Port Trust
MCO
miscellaneous charge order
MGCL
Mari Gas Company Ltd
MI
Military Intelligence
MLC
Department of Military Land and Cantonment (Pakistan)
MMA
Mutahida Majlis-e-Amaal (Pakistan religious party)
MoD
Ministry of Defence
MQM
Muhajir Qaumi Movement (Pakistan)
MRD
Movement for Restoration of Democracy (Pakistan)
MSA
Maritime Security Agency (Pakistan)
NAB
National Accountability Bureau (Pakistan)
NBP
National Bank of Pakistan
NDC
National Defence College (Pakistan)
NGO
non-government organization
NHA
National Highway Authority
NLC
National Logistic Cell (Pakistan)
NoC
no-objection certificate
NPL
non-performing loans
NRB
National Reconstruction Bureau (Pakistan)
NSC
National Security Council (Pakistan)
NWFP
North West Frontier Province (Pakistan)
OYAK
Turkish Armed Forces Mutual Assistance Fund
PAF
Pakistan Air Force
PCCB
Pakistan Cricket Control Board
PIA
Pakistan International Airlines
PIDC
Pakistan Industrial Development Corporation
PIDE
Pakistan Institute of Development Economics
PIU
produce index units (unit of land ownership)
PKI
Partai Komunis Indonesia (Communist Party of Indonesia)
PLA
People’s Liberation Army (China)
PMEs
private military enterprises
PML-N
Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz)
PML-Q
Quaid-e-Azam (Pakistan)
PN
Pakistan Navy
PNA
Pakistan National Alliance
PPP
Pakistan People’s Party
PPPP
Pakistan People’s Party Parliamentarian Patriot
PR
Pakistan Railways
PSO
Pakistan State Oil
PSO
principal staff officer
QMG
quartermaster-general
RCO
Revival of the Constitution Order (Pakistan)
RMA
Revolutio