Regular Soldiers, Irregular War

S. Manekin Devorah

Description

What explains differences in soldier participation in violence during irregular war? How do ordinary men become professional wielders of force, and when does this transformation falter or fail? Regular Soldiers, Irregular War presents a theoretical framework for understanding the various forms of behavior in which soldiers engage during counterinsurgency campaigns-compliance and shirking, abuse and restraint, as well as the creation of new violent practices.Through an in-depth study of the Israeli Defense Forces' repression of the Second Palestinian Intifada of 2000-2005, including in-depth interviews with and a survey of former combatants, Devorah Manekin examines how soldiers come both to unleash and to curb violence against civilians in a counterinsurgency campaign. Manekin argues that variation in soldiers' behavior is best explained by the effectiveness of the control mechanisms put in place to ensure combatant violence reflects the strategies and preferences of military elites, primarily at the small-unit level. Furthermore, she develops and analyzes soldier participation in three categories of violence: strategic violence authorized by military elites; opportunistic or unauthorized violence; and "entrepreneurial violence"-violence initiated from below to advance organizational aims when leaders are ambiguous about what will best serve those aims. By going inside military field units and exploring their patterns of command and control, Regular Soldiers, Irregular War, sheds new light on the dynamics of violence and restraint in counterinsurgency.

Sujets

• Histoire
• Military history
• Political science of religion
• Israel
• Human rights
• Palestine

Informations

• Publié par: Cornell University Press
• Date de parution: 15 août 2020
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781501750458
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 4 Mo

Extrait

REGULAR SOLDIERS, IRREGULAR WAR

REGULAR SOLDIERS, IRREGULAR WAR Violence and Restraint in the Second Intifada

DEvORah S. MaNEKîN

CORNELL UNIVERSITY PRESS ITHACA AND LONDON

Copyright © 2020 by Cornell University

All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or parts thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher. For information, address Cornell University Press, Sage House, 512 East State Street, Ithaca, New York 14850. Visit our website at cornellpress .cornell.edu.

First published 2020 by Cornell University Press

Printed in the United States of America

Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data

Names: Manekin, Devorah S., author. Title: Regular Soldiers, Irregular War : Violence and Restraint in the Second Intifada / Devorah S. Manekin. Description: Ithaca, New York : Cornell University Press, 2020. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2019044594 (print) | LCCN 2019044595 (ebook) | ISBN 9781501750434 (hardcover) | ISBN 9781501750458 (pdf) | ISBN 9781501750441 (epub) Subjects: LCSH: Israel. Tseva haganah leYiśra’el. | AlAqsa Intifada, 2000— Atrocities. | Palestinian Arabs—Violence against—West Bank. | Palestinian Arabs—Violence against—Gaza Strip. | Soldiers—Israel—Social conditions. | Soldiers—Israel—Moral conditions. | Soldiers—Israel—Attitudes. | Military ethics—Israel. | Military offenses—Israel. | Command of troops—Psychological aspects. Classification: LCC DS119.765 .M36 2020 (print) | LCC DS119.765 (ebook) | DDC 956.9405/5—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019044594 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019044595

Cover image: Shuhada Street, Hebron, 2012. Photograph by Ryan Rodrick Beiler, used by permission of ActiveStills Photo Collective.

Contents

List of Illustrations Acknowledgments List of Abbreviations Note on Translations and Pseudonyms

Introduction: The Production and Restraint of Military Violence

1.  Participation in Counterinsurgency 2.  Narrating Conflict and Violence: ExCombatant Accounts as Data 3.  IDF Counterinsurgency in the Second Intifada 4.  The Production of Strategic Violence 5.  The Dynamics of Entrepreneurial Violence 6.  The Production and Control of Opportunistic Violence 7.  Beyond Israel: Counterinsurgent Violence and Restraint in Comparative Perspective

Conclusion: Violence and Restraint in Counterinsurgency

Appendix: Characteristics of the Sample Notes References Index

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1

14

32

46

73

110

136

171

189

203 205 229 247

Iustratîons

3.1. Map of the Oslo II Interim Agreement 52 3.2.Percent days of comprehensive closure per quarter, October 2000–December 2005 66 5.1. The emergence and persistence of entrepreneurial violence 119 6.1. Reported levels of opportunistic violence in unit 139 6.2. Moderating effects of hierarchy strength 149

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Acknowedgments

I began the research for this book in 2008 and have incurred many debts in the years since. First and foremost, I am grateful to the participants in this study for sharing their experiences and memories with me. Over the years I have learned that combat veterans often refrain from telling their stories to outsiders, and I thank the many peopleIinterviewedforopeningawindowtoaworldthattoooftenremainssealed. I am also indebted to several organizations and individuals who provided me with access to important data or otherwise assisted my research for this project: Maayan Geva at B’tselem, Lior Yavneh at Yesh Din, Yehuda Shaul at Breaking the Silence, Merav Romirowsky, and Robert Brym at the University of Toronto. I owe a debt of gratitude to the mentors who made this book possible. Ed Keller was a consistent source of wisdom, encouragement, and support. Jim Ron was a generous and engaged mentor from the beginning of the project and provided important theoretical insight as well as encouragement during difficult times in the field. Libby Wood’s scholarship deeply influenced my own, and I feel fortu nate to have had her as a mentor. Her steady encouragement over the years, to gether with her always thoughtful and valuable feedback, has improved my work at every step of the way. At UCLA, I also thank Michael Chwe, Jim Gelvin, and Dan Posner, who provided sage advice at early stages of the project. Outside UCLA, the late Lee Ann Fujii was a cherished mentor and friend since I was in graduate school, and provided generous feedback on various parts of the manu script in her signature combination of analytic clarity and enthusiastic encour agement. I have worked on this manuscript at two institutions since leaving UCLA, and at each I was fortunate to benefit from the friendship and feedback of mentors and colleagues. I owe thanks to my colleagues at the Martin Buber Society of Fel lows in the Humanities and Social Sciences at the Hebrew University, and par ticularly to David Shulman and Yael Baron, for providing a stimulating and sup portive environment for pursuing my research. I thank my former colleagues at Arizona State University for the sense of community and encouragement that made my work possible. At the Hebrew University of Jerusalem I am indebted to each and every one of my current colleagues for providing such a generous and warm environment in which to complete the manuscript. The book has benefited greatly from feedback I received at the Project on MiddleEastPoliticalScience(POMEPS)JuniorBookDevelopmentWorkshop

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AcknowLeDgMentS

at Princeton University in 2015. I thank all the workshop participants, and espe cially Boaz Atzili, Marc Lynch, and Mark Tessler, who read the entire manuscript and offered insightful and constructive comments. I am indebted to many scholars who commented on various parts of the man uscript over the years and provided helpful insight and feedback, including Charli Carpenter, Jeff Checkel, Dara Cohen, Alexander de Juan, Amit Gal, Daphna Golan, Liat Hasenfratz, Yagil Levy, Sarah Parkinson, Anastasia Shesterinina, Jes sica Stanton, Scott Straus, Risa Toha, Rebecca Weil, and Dvora Yanow. I thank Yoni Abramson, Natasha Behl, Noam Gidron, Lior Herman, Milli Lake, Odelia Oshri, and Yael Zeira for their wisdom, friendship, and encouragement as I re vised this book for publication. The research for this project was made possible by the financial support of the Social Science Research Council International Dissertation Research Fellowship, National Science Foundation Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant, and Uni versity of California Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation Doctoral Dis sertation Fellowship. I gratefully acknowledge their support. Parts of chapter 4 of this book were previously published in “The Limits of Socialization and the Underproduction of Military Violence: Evidence from the IDF,”Journal of Peace Research 54, no. 5 (November 2017): 606–19. Parts of chapter 6 were previously published in “Violence against Civilians in the Second Intifada: The Moderating Effect of Armed Group Structure on Opportunistic Violence,”Comparative Political Studies46, no. 10 (2013): 1273–1300. At Cornell University Press, I thank Roger Haydon for his advice, guidance, and patience, and am also very grateful for the thoughtful and constructive comments of two anonymous reviewers. I thank Gail Chalew for her careful copyediting and Susan Specter and Mary Ribesky for overseeing the production process. I am deeply thankful for the love and support of my family that made my work possible. My parents Charles and Rachel encouraged me at every step of the way, reading parts of the manuscript in its various iterations, and providing crucial advice and editing help exactly when I needed it. My siblings, Mikhael, Elisheva, and Avigail, have become a daily source of support, humor, and camaraderie that helps keep me grounded. My brother especially has endured many ques tions and conversations over the years about this project, and I am very grateful to him for sharing his insight. I also thank my siblingsinlaw for their friend ship and my parentsinlaw Marcel and Tamar for their constant support. I am so very grateful to my children, Noam, Roni, and Keren, for giving me a reason to smile every single day, for pretending to believe that I would one day finish the book, for their patience and their love. Above all, I thank Elon for your unwavering faith in me, your readiness to take on any adventure, and for the se renity that you bring into my life. I could not have written this without you.

Abbrevîatîons

ACRI BTS DCO EV GSS HCJ IDF IED JNA MAG NCO NGO OPT OV PA SDG SV

Association for Civil Rights in Israel Breaking the Silence District Coordination Offices entrepreneurial violence General Security Services (Shin Bet) High Court of Justice Israel Defense Forces improvised explosive device Yugoslav People’s Army Military Advocate General noncommissioned officer nongovernmental organization Occupied Palestinian Territories opportunistic violence Palestinian Authority Serbian Volunteer Guard strategic violence

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