Summary of Paul Kleinman's Philosophy 101

Everest Media

Description

Please note: This is a companion version & not the original book.
Sample Book Insights:
#1 The roots of Western philosophy can be found in the work of Greek philosophers during the fifth and sixth centuries. These philosophers, later referred to as pre-Socratic, started to question the world around them. Rather than attributing their surroundings to the Greek gods, they searched for more rational explanations.
#2 The term pre-Socratic refers to the differences in ideology and principles between the pre-Socratic philosophers and those of Socrates. While many pre-Socratic philosophers produced texts, none have survived and most of what we know about the pre-Socratic philosophers is based on the fragments of text that remain and the quotes of later historians and philosophers, which were usually biased.
#3 The ancient Greek philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras believed that the basis of all reality was mathematical relations. He believed that numbers were sacred, and with the use of mathematics, everything could be measured and predicted.
#4 The school of Elea was the first to use pure reason as the only criterion for finding truth. They believed that reality didn’t have to do with the world we experience, and that it could be understood through reason alone.

Sujets

• Philosophie générale
• Philosophie
• Général

Informations

• Publié par: Everest Media LLC
• Date de parution: 01 mars 2022
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781669349341
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

Insights on Paul Kleinman's Philosophy 101
Contents Insights from Chapter 1 Insights from Chapter 2 Insights from Chapter 3 Insights from Chapter 4 Insights from Chapter 5 Insights from Chapter 6 Insights from Chapter 7 Insights from Chapter 8 Insights from Chapter 9 Insights from Chapter 10 Insights from Chapter 11 Insights from Chapter 12 Insights from Chapter 13 Insights from Chapter 14 Insights from Chapter 15 Insights from Chapter 16 Insights from Chapter 17 Insights from Chapter 18 Insights from Chapter 19 Insights from Chapter 20 Insights from Chapter 21 Insights from Chapter 22 Insights from Chapter 23 Insights from Chapter 24 Insights from Chapter 25 Insights from Chapter 26 Insights from Chapter 27 Insights from Chapter 28 Insights from Chapter 29 Insights from Chapter 30 Insights from Chapter 31 Insights from Chapter 32 Insights from Chapter 33 Insights from Chapter 34 Insights from Chapter 35 Insights from Chapter 36 Insights from Chapter 37 Insights from Chapter 38 Insights from Chapter 39 Insights from Chapter 40 Insights from Chapter 41 Insights from Chapter 42 Insights from Chapter 43 Insights from Chapter 44 Insights from Chapter 45 Insights from Chapter 46 Insights from Chapter 47 Insights from Chapter 48 Insights from Chapter 49 Insights from Chapter 50 Insights from Chapter 51 Insights from Chapter 52 Insights from Chapter 53 Insights from Chapter 54 Insights from Chapter 55
Insights from Chapter 1

#1

The roots of Western philosophy can be found in the work of Greek philosophers during the fifth and sixth centuries. These philosophers, later referred to as pre-Socratic, started to question the world around them. Rather than attributing their surroundings to the Greek gods, they searched for more rational explanations.

#2

The term pre-Socratic refers to the differences in ideology and principles between the pre-Socratic philosophers and those of Socrates. While many pre-Socratic philosophers produced texts, none have survived and most of what we know about the pre-Socratic philosophers is based on the fragments of text that remain and the quotes of later historians and philosophers, which were usually biased.

#3

The ancient Greek philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras believed that the basis of all reality was mathematical relations. He believed that numbers were sacred, and with the use of mathematics, everything could be measured and predicted.

#4

The school of Elea was the first to use pure reason as the only criterion for finding truth. They believed that reality didn’t have to do with the world we experience, and that it could be understood through reason alone.

#5

Parmenides and Zeno, two of his most famous students, were devotees of Parmenides, and created arguments to defend his ideas. They believed that reality existed as one thing, and that things like plurality and motion were illusions.

#6

The Eleatic school of philosophers, which was founded by Parmenides and Zeno of Elea, distinguished between is and seems. When something is X, it always is X, according to this school of thought. Nothing actually is, except for the Parmenidean Real, which exists as one continuous, unchanging thing.

#7

The Atomist school, started by Leucippus in the fifth century b. c. , believed that every physical object is made up of atoms and void that are arranged in different ways. When these two are combined, they create what is seen in the visible world.
Insights from Chapter 2

#1

The Socratic problem is the fact that we know very little about Socrates, his teachings, and his death. All we have are the accounts of his students and contemporaries, which are often fictionalized.

#2

Socrates believed that in order for a person to be wise, that individual must be able to understand himself. He believed that people should develop their self rather than concentrate on material objects, and he sought to understand the difference between acting good and being good.

#3

The elenchus is a method in which Socrates would refute the claims of the other person. It consisted of three steps: an individual would assert a statement, which Socrates would then refute; or, Socrates might ask the other person a question, such as, What is courage. and then assume his original statement was false.

#4

The Socratic method is still used today, most notably in law schools. It is a technique where a student is asked to summarize a judge’s argument, and then asked to defend his decision.
Insights from Chapter 3

#1

Plato was a Greek philosopher who wrote several books about philosophy and politics. He was born in Athens around 429 b. c. to parents who were members of the Greek aristocracy. Because of his social class, he was taught by many distinguished educators.

#2

Plato believed that philosophy was a process of continuous questioning and dialogues. His writing appeared in this format. He was never a character in his writing, and he wanted readers to be able to form their own opinions on the subjects.

#3

The Form of beauty is an example of a Form. It exists outside of space and time, and is unaffected by what happens in the visible world. It can be seen only by those with an abstract concept of what beauty is.

#4

Plato believed that a just society would be ruled by a Guardian class, which would lead based on philosophy, and that soldiers would force the rest of society to obey them. He believed that in a perfect society, reason would be represented by a Guardian class, spirit would be represented by the Auxiliary class, and appetite would be represented by the Laborers.

#5

Plato placed great emphasis on the role of education and believed it to be one of the most important pieces in creating a healthy state. He believed children should be taught to always seek wisdom and to live a virtuous life.

#6

The Allegory of the Cave is a conversation between Socrates and Plato’s brother, Glaucon. It describes a world where an illusion is perceived as reality. In this example, the prisoners are chained so they can’t shift or turn around, and they only see what is in front of them: a stone wall.

#7

The prisoner eventually awakens and realizes that the reality in the cave is incorrect. He looks toward the sun and understands that this entity is what creates seasons, years, and everything visible in this world. The prisoner then decides to set the others free.

#8

The cave is a metaphor used by Plato to explain the human condition.