The Selfless Constitution

Stu Woolman

Description

Do you possess 'freedom'-the will to do as you choose-as an individual, as a participant in social affairs or as a citizen in the political realm? Well, no. Not really. At least not as most of us understand a term loaded down with metaphysical baggage. Don't worry. You've got something better: a neurological system capable of carrying out the most complex analytical and computational tasks; membership in innumerable communities that provide you with huge stores of knowledge and wisdom; and a politico-constitutional order that ought to provide the material and the immaterial conditions that will enable you to pursue a life worth valuing. Drop the simplistic folk-psychology of unfettered freedom, whilst holding on to intentionality, and you might be inclined to adopt a set of social practices and political arrangements that enhance the chances that you and your compatriots will flourish.

As many recent studies of consciousness reveal our neurological systems are complex feedback mechanisms designed to create myriad for trial and error and (if you survive) the production of new stores of knowledge. Individuals-comprised of numerous radically heterogeneous, naturally and socially determined selves-are always experimenting, attempting to divine through reflection and action, what 'works' best: even when 'best' means fully embracing who we already are. Choice architects, those persons charged with constructing the environments within which we operate daily, should (if responsible) regularly run experiments that attempt to eliminate biases, and ultimately, deliver norms that nudge us away from negative defaults toward more optimal ends. A constitutional democracy, made up of millions of radically heterogeneous, densely populated individuals, constantly strives to determine what works best for most of its many constituents. 

Because South Africa's Constitution states (at an extremely high level of generality) only some of the norms that govern our lives, it remains for citizens, representatives and judges to create doctrines and institutions that serve its capaciously framed ends best. After canvassing the relevant literature in neuroscience, empirical philosophy, behavioural psychology, social capital theory, development economics, and emergent experimental governance, this work suggests that manifold experiments in living that fall within the accepted parameters of our shared constitutional norms are likely, over time, to produce more optimal ways of being that can be replicated by other members of our polity. 

Our reflexive stance toward best practices-a linchpin of this book's take on experimental governance-when inextricably linked to a commitment to flourishing and to the expansion of individual capabilities, should cause us to alter the content of the fundamental norms that shape our lives and bind us to one another. A political order founded upon experimental constitutionalism and flourishing promises an egalitarian pluralist reformation of South African society. The book spins out its novel thesis against the concrete backdrop of political arrangements and judicial doctrines that have emerged during the first 20 years of our truly vibrant constitutional democracy. Its trenchant analysis of political institutions and constitutional case law shows us how far we have come, and how far we still have to go.`

Sujets

• Philosophie
• Philosophie politique
• Construction
• LAW
• World
• Asian
• Politics
• Politics of South Africa
• Philosophy
• Philosophie et théologie
• POLITICAL SCIENCE
• Political

Informations

• Publié par: NISC (Pty) Ltd
• Date de parution: 28 juillet 2021
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781920033798
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 10 Mo

Extrait

The Seless Constîtutîon: Experîmentaîsm and Fourîshîng as Foundatîons of South Afrîca’s Basîc Law

The Seless Constîtutîon: Experîmentaîsm and Fourîshîng as Foundatîons of South Afrîca’s Basîc Law

he Seless Constitution: Experimentaism and FourisHing as Foundations of SoutH Africa’s Basic Law

This edition published 2021

First edition published 2013 by Juta & Co [ISBN 978-1-4851-0007-2]

Text and the work copyright © the author 2021

All rights reserved. No part o this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any orm or by or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, any inormation storage or retrieval system, without the prior permission in writing o the publisher.

The author and the publisher have made every eort to obtain permission or and acknowledge use o copyright material. Should an inadvertent inringement o copyright have occurred, please contact the publisher and we will rectiy omissions or errors in any subsequent reprint or edition.

Published in South Arica on behal o the author by NISC (Pty) Ltd, PO Box 377, Makhanda, 6140, South Arica www.nisc.co.za

ISBN (print): ISBN (eBook): ISBN (pd):

978-1-920033-77-4 978-1-920033-78-1 978-1-920033-79-8

Contents Acknowedgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Citations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreword to Reissued Edition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. The Tae of Tîahuanaco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Wadron’s Wager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. Derîvîng an Ought from an Is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. A Tae Twîce Tod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Endnotes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter One-A: The Basîc Structure and the Methodoogy of the Argument. A. The Basîc Thesîs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Structure of the Text: The Sef; the Socîa; the Constîtutîona. . . . . . . . . . . . . C. Epîstemîc Commîtments: Sef, Socîety and State as Natura Phenomena . . . . . D. Methodoogîca Commîtments: Intuîtîon Pumps and Experîmenta Phîosophy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Intuîtîon Pumps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Experîmenta Phîosophy and Empîrîca Phîosophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Endnotes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter One-B: Why Rethînkîng the Foundatîons of South Afrîcan Constîtutîona Law îs Necessary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. The ‘So What’ Questîon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. How 19th Century Cassîca Lîberaîsm Undercuts a 21st Century Aspîratîona Constîtutîon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. The Probem wîth the Fok Psychoogy of Freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Avoîdance Gîves Way to Empîrîcîsm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Endnotes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter One-C: How Rethînkîng Our Understandîng of the Sef and the Socîa Servîces a Better Constîtutîona Theory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Aha Moments and Two Domînant Leîtmotîfs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. The Unchosen Condîtîons of Beîng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Trîa and Error and Feedback Mechanîsms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

v

xiv xv xvii 1 2 4 4 6 9 13 14 14 16

v

16 17 18 18

21 22

22 25 28 30

43 44 44 47

The Seless Constîtutîon

B. Weavîng Together the Domînant Leîtmotîfs throughout the Text. . . . . . . . . . 1. A Theory of the Sef: Fourîshîng, Not Freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. A Theory of the Socîa: Constraînt, Frîctîon and Change . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. A Theory of the Constîtutîona: Experîmentaîsm & Fourîshîng . . . . . . C. Connectîons that Hod Thîs Book Together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Connectîons: Experîmenta Spaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Connectîons: Experîmenta Competîtîon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Connectîons: Experîmenta Seves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. Tweakîng Constîtutîona Doctrîne: Constîtutîona Court Cases Revîsîted and Revîsed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Endnotes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter Two: A Theory of the Sef: Conscîousness and Radîcay Heterogeneous Seves as Feedback Mechanîsms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Free Wî and Determînîsm: Theîr Connectîon to Socîa Theory and Constîtutîona Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. The Standard Metaphysîca Case for Determînîsm and agaînst Compatabîîsm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Experîmenta Epîstemoogy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Some Phîosophîca Evîdence agaînst the Standard Account of Free Wî. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b. The Consequences, for the Sef, of Abandonîng Free Wî. . . . . . . 3 The Iusîon of Voîtîon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . î. Lîbet’s and Water’s Tîmîng Experîments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . îî. Wegner and Wheatey’s Experîments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . îîî. Tancredî’s Serîa Kîer and Retrospectîve Intent . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Sef and Conscîousness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Tradîtîona Vîews of the Sef and Theîr Probems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. My Cartesîan Sef . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b. My Cartesîan Theatre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. Expaînîng (Away) the Sef: Bunde Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. Some Pausîbe Theorîes of Conscîousness and the Sef . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. The Proto-Sef, the Core Sef and the Autobîographîca Sef. . . . . . . . . . 2. Goba Neurona Workspace Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Baars’ Goba Workspace Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b. Dehanne and Naccache’s Goba Neurona Workspace Theory . . . 3. Dennett’s Sef as a Centre of Narratîve Gravîty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E. Seves and Heterogeneîty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Socîay, Radîcay Heterogeneous, Determîned Seves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Naturay, Radîcay Heterogeneous Determîned Seves. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. What a ‘Free’, ‘Conscîous’ Sef Is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F. A Chastened Account of Freedom, Conscîousness and Sefhood. . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Conscîousness, Seves and Error Correctîon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

vî

49 49 52 59 61 61 62 64

66 67

79

80

81 84

84 86 87 87 89 90 91 91 92 94 97 98 98 100 100 102 106 107 108 108 114 115 115

Contents

2. A Chastened, Forward-ookîng Account of Freedom and the Roe of Trîa and Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G. Conscîousness and Constîtutîona Doctrîne: Freedom as Poîtîca, not Metaphysîca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. The New Mysterîans: The Caîm that Conscîousness Cannot Expaîn Itsef . . . I. Conscîousness as a Feedback Mechanîsm for Error Correctîon that Enhances Freedom qua Fourîshîng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Trîa and Error în Vîdeo Games . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Trîa and Error în Drîvîng. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Trîa and Error în Speîng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Trîa and Error în Musîc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Endnotes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chapter Three: A Theory of the Socîa: Constraînt, Frîctîon & Change. . . . . . A. Introductîon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Unchosen Condîtîons of Beîng and Constîtutîve Attachments . . . . . . . . 2. Socîa Capîta: How Assocîatîons and Networks Functîon . . . . . . . . . . . B. Descrîptîons of Severa Socîa Feedback Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Spontaneous Orders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Mî’s Experîments în Lîvîng. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Mî and the Lîmîts of Prîvate Orderîng. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b. From Prîvate Orderîng to Experîmentaîsm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Evoutîonary Epîstemoogy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Lîmîts of Evoutîonary Epîstemoogy & Spontaneous Orders . . . . . . . . . C. Better Descrîptîons and Prescrîptîons for the Socîa: Experîmentaîsm în State Poîcy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Choîce Archîtecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Cognîtîve Bîases în Deîberatîve Practîces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b. Overcomîng Cognîtîve Bîases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. The Vîrtues (and Vîces) of Socîa Capîta: Usîng Bondîng Networks and Brîdgîng Networks to Foster Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Radîcay Heterogeneous Seves and Socîetîes as Engînes for Change . . . D. Shared Conscîousness and Feedback Mechanîsms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Psychotherapy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Lega Practîce and Lega Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Gof Instructîon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Corporatîons and Cîmate Change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Endnotes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chapter Four: A Theory of the Constîtutîona: Experîmenta Constîtutîonaîsm. A. Phîosophîca Foundatîons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Basîc Facets of Experîmenta Constîtutîonaîsm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Shared Constîtutîona Interpretatîon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

vîî

116

117 120

122 122 123 124 124 125

147 148 149 151 155 156 160 160 162 164 167

168 168 168 169

172 172 175 175 176 177 178 180

196 197 204 205

vîî

The Seless Constîtutîon

2. Partîcîpatory Bubbes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Truth Proposîtîons în Radîcay Heterogeneous Constîtutîona Orders . . 4. Chastened Deîberatîon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Destabîzatîon Rîghts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. The Dîsentrenchment of Prîvate Orderîng through Remedîa Equîîbratîon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. Relexîvîty and Optîmaîty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. Fattened Hîerarchîes Rather than Top-Down Command and Contro . . C. Potentîa Lîmîts of Experîmenta Constîtutîonaîsm în South Afrîca . . . . . . . . 1. Instîtutîona Undercapacîty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Tradîtîona Forms of Lîfe and Radîca Reformatîon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. Normatîve Content of Experîmenta Constîtutîonaîsm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. On Fourîshîng. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. On the Reatîonshîp Between Fourîshîng and Experîmentaîsm . . . . . . E. Emergent Experîmentaîst Government, Informatîon Pooîng and Roîng Best Practîces în the Unîted States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Educatîona Reform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Famîy Courts and Chîd Wefare Agencîes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Drug Treatment Courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Endnotes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter Fîve: Experîmenta Constîtutîonaîsm în South Afrîca: Instîtutîons and Doctrînes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. The South Afrîcan Constîtutîon as an Experîmenta Constîtutîon . . . . . . . . . . B. Shared Constîtutîona Interpretatîon: Desîgn & Doctrînes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Lîmîtatîons Anaysîs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b. Practîce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. The Prîncîpe of Democracy and îts Reatîonshîp to Rîghts Interpretatîon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Socîo-Economîc Rîghts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Chapter 9 Instîtutîons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Audîtor-Genera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b. Pubîc Protector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c. Compementarîty, Relexîvîty and Incusîvîty în Constîtutîona Norm Generatîon by Chapter 9 Instîtutîons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Provîncîa Constîtutîons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. Partîcîpatory Bubbes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Remedîes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b. Practîce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Rues and Procedures în Constîtutîona Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

vîîî

208 212 214 215

217 221 221 222 222 223 224 224 228

231 231 234 236 240

259 260 262 262 262 263

266 269 271 272 274

276 277 277 278 278 279 283 285

Contents

4. Constîtutîona Jurîsdîctîon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Pubîc Partîcîpatîon în Law-Makîng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. Chapter 9 Instîtutîons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Endnotes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter Sîx: Experîmenta Constîtutîonaîsm în South Afrîca: The Evoutîon of Law and Poîcy în Housîng & Educatîon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Introductîon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Experîmenta Constîtutîonaîsm în South Afrîcan Housîng Law and Poîcy. . . 1. Grootboom and the Reconstructîon and Deveopment Programme . . . . 2. An Immedîate Crîtîque of Grootboom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Breakîng New Ground: The Reformatîon of Housîng Poîcy în Lîght of Grootboom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. The Constîtutîona Court’s Nove Commîtment to Meanîngfu Engagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Two Unîntended Consequences of Meanîngfu Engagement. . . . . . . . . . C. Experîmentaîsm and Fourîshîng în South Afrîcan Educatîon Law and Poîcy 1. The State’s Conscîousy Experîmentaîst Approach to Educatîon Law and Poîcy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Constîtutîona and Statutory Norms regardîng Lînguîstîc and Cutura Autonomy în Pubîc Schoos and Prîvate Schoos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. The Basîc Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b. Government Efforts to Contro Prîvate Power and to Eîmînate De Facto Racîay, and Excusîonary Language Poîcîes în Pubîc Schoos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Schoo Governîng Bodîes as a Fexîbe, Relexîve Form of Government . a. Democracy and Educatîon and Experîmentaîsm . . . . . . . . . . . . . b. Are SGBs Fexîbe, Poycentrîc Sîtes of Emergent Experîmenta Decîsîon-Makîng? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . î. SGBs as Emergent, Experîmenta Instîtutîons . . . . . . . . . . . a. Incusîon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b. Decîsîon-Makîng: Shared Powers of Interpretatîon . . . . . . . . . . . . c. Forms of Partîcîpatîon, and Forms of Partîcîpants. . . . . . . . . . . . . d. Experîmentatîon wîth Poycentrîc Partîcîpatîon în SGBs. . . . . . . . c. Does the Evîdence Support SGBs as an Emergent Experîmenta Instîtutîon? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. The Cartesîan Error as Manîfest în Poîtîca and Socîa Experîmentatîon . . 2. The Desîre to Experîment, the Abîîty to Experîment, and the Experîments Carrîed Out by Natîona Government, Provîncîa Government and SGBs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. The Tensîon between Poîtîcs and Experîmentaîsm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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321

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339 341 342 343 343 344

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