Monarchs in a Changing World

Karen S. Oberhauser and Kelly R. Nail and Sonia Altizer (Editors)

Description

Monarch butterflies are among the most popular insect species in the world and are an icon for conservation groups and environmental education programs. Monarch caterpillars and adults are easily recognizable as welcome visitors to gardens in North America and beyond, and their spectacular migration in eastern North America (from breeding locations in Canada and the United States to overwintering sites in Mexico) has captured the imagination of the public. Monarch migration, behavior, and chemical ecology have been studied for decades. Yet many aspects of monarch biology have come to light in only the past few years. These aspects include questions regarding large-scale trends in monarch population sizes, monarch interactions with pathogens and insect predators, and monarch molecular genetics and large-scale evolution. A growing number of current research findings build on the observations of citizen scientists, who monitor monarch migration, reproduction, survival, and disease. Monarchs face new threats from humans as they navigate a changing landscape marked by deforestation, pesticides, genetically modified crops, and a changing climate, all of which place the future of monarchs and their amazing migration in peril. To meet the demand for a timely synthesis of monarch biology, conservation and outreach, Monarchs in a Changing World summarizes recent developments in scientific research, highlights challenges and responses to threats to monarch conservation, and showcases the many ways that monarchs are used in citizen science programs, outreach, and education. It examines issues pertaining to the eastern and western North American migratory populations, as well as to monarchs in South America, the Pacific and Caribbean Islands, and Europe. The target audience includes entomologists, population biologists, conservation policymakers, and K-12 teachers.

Sujets

• Sciences et techniques

Informations

• Publié par: Cornell University Press
• Date de parution: 16 novembre 2015
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9780801455605
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 23 Mo

Extrait

                     

           

Edited by Karen S. Oberhauser Kelly R. Nail Sonia Altizer

  , a division of    Ithaca and London

Copyright © 2015 by Cornell University except for portions of Chapters 2 and 13, which were written by federal employees and cannot be copyrighted.

All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or parts thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher. For information, address Cornell University Press, Sage House, 512 East State Street, Ithaca, New York 14850.

First published 2015 by Cornell University Press

Printed in the United States of America

Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data

Monarchs in a changing world : biology and conservation of an iconic butterfly / edited by Karen S. Oberhauser, Kelly R. Nail, Sonia Altizer.  pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 9780801453151 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Monarch butterfly. 2. Monarch butterfly—Conservation—North America. I. Oberhauser, Karen Suzanne, editor. II. Nail, Kelly R., editor. III. Altizer, Sonia M., editor. IV. Oberhauser, Karen Suzanne. Monarchs and people. Container of (work):  QL561.D3M6635 2015  595.78'9—dc23 2014034844

Cornell University Press strives to use environmentally responsible suppliers and materials to the fullest extent possible in the publishing of its books. Such materials include vegetablebased, lowVOC inks and acidfree papers that are recycled, totally chlorinefree, or partly composed of nonwood fibers. For further information, visit our website at www.cornellpress.cornell.edu.

Cloth printing

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Cover photograph: Three monarchs congregating in the early morning at the Cerro Pelon overwintering colony in Mexico (February 2013). Photograph by Kelly R. Nail.

C o n t e n t s

Prefaceix

 Mode Programs or Cîtîzen Scîence, Educatîon, and Conservatîon: An Overvîew Karen S. Oberhauser1  1. Environmental Education and Monarchs: Reaching across Disciplines, Generations, and Nations Elisabeth YoungIsebrand, Karen S. Oberhauser, Kim Bailey, Sonya Charest, Brian Hayes, Elizabeth Howard, Jim Lovett, Susan Meyers, Erik Mollenhauer, Eneida B. MontesiñosPatino, Ann Ryan, Orley R. Taylor, and Rocío Treviño 5  2. Contributions to Monarch Biology and Conservation through Citizen Science: Seventy Years and Counting Karen S. Oberhauser, Leslie Ries, Sonia Altizer, Rebecca V. Batalden, Janet KudellEkstrum, Mark Garland, Elizabeth Howard, Sarina Jepsen, Jim Lovett, Mía Monroe, Gail Morris, Eduardo RendónSalinas, Richard G. RuBino, Ann Ryan, Orley R. Taylor, Rocío Treviño, Francis X. Villablanca, and Dick Walton 13  3. Monarch Habitat Conservation across North America: Past Progress and Future Needs Priya C. Shahani, Guadalupe del Río Pesado, Phil Schappert, and Eligio García Serrano 31

 Monarcs as Herbîvores, Prey, and Hosts: An Overvîew Jacobus C. de Roode 43  4. Macroevolutionary Trends in the Defense of Milkweeds against Monarchs: Latex, Cardenolides, and Tolerance of Herbivory Anurag A. Agrawal, Jared G. Ali, Sergio Rasmann, and Mark Fishbein 47  5. Invertebrate Natural Enemies and StageSpecific Mortality Rates of Monarch Eggs and Larvae Alma De Anda and Karen S. Oberhauser 60  6. Lacewings, Wasps, and Flies—Oh My: Insect Enemies Take a Bite out of Monarchs Karen S. Oberhauser, Michael Anderson, Sophia Anderson, Wendy Caldwell, Alma De Anda, Mark Hunter, Matthew C. Kaiser, and Michelle J. Solensky 71  7. Monarchs and Their Debilitating Parasites: Immunity, Migration, and Medicinal Plant Use Sonia Altizer and Jacobus C. de Roode 83

 Monarcs în a Cangîng Cîmate: An Overvîew Kelly R. Nail and Karen S. Oberhauser 95  8. What’s Too Hot and What’s Too Cold? Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Extreme Temperatures on Developing Monarchs Kelly R. Nail, Rebecca V. Batalden, and Karen S. Oberhauser 99

v

viContents

 9.Microclimatic Protection of Overwintering Monarchs Provided by Mexico’s HighElevation Oyamel Fir Forests: A Review Ernest H. Williams and Lincoln P. Brower 109 10. Effect of the 2010–2011 Drought on the Lipid Content of Monarchs Migrating through Texas to Overwintering Sites in Mexico Lincoln P. Brower, Linda S. Fink, Ridlon J. Kiphart, Victoria Pocius, Raúl R. Zubieta, and M. Isabel Ramírez 117 11. Estimating the Climate Signal in Monarch Population Decline: No Direct Evidence for an Impact of Climate Change? Myron P. Zalucki, Lincoln P. Brower, Stephen B. Malcolm, and Benjamin H. Slager 130

 Conservîng Nort Amerîcan Monarc Butterlîes: An Overvîew Lincoln P. Brower and Linda S. Fink 143 12. Understanding and Conserving the Western North American Monarch Population Sarina Jepsen and Scott Hoffman Black 147 13. Threats to the Availability of Overwintering Habitat in the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve: Land Use and Climate Change M. Isabel Ramírez, Cuauhtémoc SáenzRomero, Gerald Rehfeldt, and Lidia SalasCanela 157 14. Monarch Butterflies and Agriculture John M. Pleasants 169 15. Fires and Fire Management in the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve Héctor MartínezTorres, Mariana CantúFernández, M. Isabel Ramírez, and Diego R. PérezSalicrup 179 16. Project Milkweed: A Strategy for Monarch Habitat Conservation Brianna Borders and Eric LeeMäder 190 17. Grassland and Roadside Management Practices Affect Milkweed Abundance and Opportunities for Monarch Recruitment Kristen A. Baum and Elisha K. Mueller 197

 New Perspectîves on Monarc Mîgratîon, Evoutîon, and Popuatîon Bîoogy: An Overvîew Andrew K. Davis and Sonia Altizer 203 18. Tracking the Fall Migration of Eastern Monarchs with Journey North Roost Sightings: New Findings about the Pace of Fall Migration Elizabeth Howard and Andrew K. Davis 207 19. Potential Changes in Eastern North American Monarch Migration in Response to an Introduced Milkweed,Asclepias curassavica Rebecca V. Batalden and Karen S. Oberhauser 215 20. Migration and Host Plant Use by the Southern Monarch,Danaus erippus Stephen B. Malcolm and Benjamin H. Slager 225 21. Monarchs in the Mist: New Perspectives on Monarch Distribution in the Pacific Northwest Robert Michael Pyle 236

22. Monarchs across the Atlantic Ocean: What’s Happening on the Other Shore? Juan FernándezHaeger, Diego Jordano, and Myron P. Zalucki 247 23. Unraveling the Mysteries of Monarch Migration and Global Dispersal through Molecular Genetic Techniques Amanda A. Pierce, Sonia Altizer, Nicola L. Chamberlain, Marcus R. Kronforst, and Jacobus C. de Roode 257 24. Connecting Eastern Monarch Population Dynamics across Their Migratory Cycle Leslie Ries, Douglas J. Taron, Eduardo RendónSalinas, and Karen S. Oberhauser

References283 Contributors313 Index317

Color plates are at the end of the e-book

268

Contents

vii

P r e f a c e

Weer you are a monarc cîîzen scîenîs, an enomoogîs, a popuaîon bîoogîs, a conservaîon poîcy maker, a eacer, or jus îneresed în mon- arcs’ amazîng bîoogy and eîr împressîve annua mîgraory cyce, you are readîng îs book because monarcs ascînae you. Wî conrîbuîons rom dozens o îndîvîduas across e gobe,Monarcs în a Cangîng Word: Bîoogy and Conservatîon o an ïconîc Butterlye unîque and remark- îgîgs abe naura îsory o monarcs and eîr compex and muîaceed îneracîons wî peope. Fîve înernaîona conerences ave been ed on monarc bîoogy and conservaîon, our o wîc rîggered e creaîon o edîed voumes: e Sympo- sîum on e Bîoogy and Conservaîon o e Mon- arc BuerLy (Moreos, Mexîco, 1981), e Second ïnernaîona Conerence on e Monarc BuerLy (os Angees, Caîornîa, 1986; Macom and Zauckî 1993), e Nor Amerîcan Conerence on e Mon- arc BuerLy (Moreîa, Mîcoacán, 1997; o e a. 1999), e Monarc Popuaîon Dynamîcs Con- erence (awrence, Kansas, 2001; Oberauser and Soensky 2004), and e Monarc Bîoogy and Con- servaîon Meeîng (Mînneapoîs, Mînnesoa, 2012; îs voume). Wî ree exîsîng compendîa o monarc bîo- ogy and conservaîon, wy do we need anoer one? Here as been a verîabe exposîon o knowedge abou monarcs în e as decade. Monarcs con- înue o provîde a wîndow îno some o e mos ascînaîng quesîons acîng bîoogîss and e pub- îc, and we’ve compîed recen Indîngs a uîîze cuîng-edge geneîc oos and anayîca ecnîques,

as we as rîed-and-rue meods în aboraory and Ied bîoogy. Sînce pubîcaîon o e as voume în 2004, e Nor Amerîcan Monarc Conservaîon Pan was pubîsed (CEC 2008) and e Monarc Joîn Venure was ormed (Monarc Joîn Venure 2013). Hese efors ave broug even more aen- îon o monarc conservaîon, wî a concomîan încrease în oca, regîona, naîona, and înerna- îona conservaîon efors. He pas decade as aso broug an exposîon o îneres by cîîzens în coec- îng scîenîIc daa; ese cîîzen scîenîss înves ens o ousands o vouneer ours în monîorîng mon- arcs every year. A e same îme, monarc num- bers are decreasîng în response o envîronmena canges broug on by abîa oss and oer sress- ors; îke many oer organîsms, monarcs requîre our aenîon and care o survîve ese canges. Now îs a crucîa îme or monarcs, and îs book îs no ony a ceebraîon o eîr amazîng bîoogy and our ove o îs carîsmaîc însec, bu aso a ca o arms. He cuîng-edge scîenîIc deveopmens descrîbed în e oowîng capers buîd on a ong radîîon o researc. Monarcs ave eped answer unda- mena bîoogîca quesîons abou ow organîsms mîgrae, Ind and dîges ood, and cope wî a word în wîc naura enemîes aack em as eggs, ar- vae, pupae, and adus. Hey’ve aso been e ocus o sudîes a ave eped eucîdae ow genes are ransaed îno moecues a aow organîsms o uncîon approprîaey as ey age and ace a dîver- sîy o envîronmena condîîons. New aspecs o monarc bîoogy ave come o îg în e pas ew years, încudîng undersandîng o arge-scae rends

ix