A Primer in Photoemission

Daniel Malterre, Antonio Tejeda

Description

Photoemission is a spectroscopic technique to study the physicochemical properties of surfaces as well as their electronic properties, since it allows you to determine the band structure of the materials.

This book introduces the basic concepts of photoemission: core level and valence band photoemission, together with many recent developments on current topics. Two levels of reading are presented: an elementary primer based on a mono-electronic approach to qualitatively understand the interest of this spectroscopy and a deeper level supported on a many-body approach that allows you to get access to the interactions at the origin of the electronic properties of condensed matter.

This book addresses a broad span of readers, from undergraduate students for the more elementary aspects, to the research scientists specialized in the technique for the concepts and the application examples.

Sujets

• Techniques
• Ingénieurie et sciences appliquées
• Ingénieurie et sciences appliquées
• Sciences appliquées
• Ingénierie
• Sciences appliquées
• Sciences appliquées
• Ingénierie
• Matériaux
• Sciences et techniques
• Physics
• Matériau
• Science
• Physique
• Physical attractiveness

Informations

• Publié par: EDP Sciences
• Date de parution: 29 juillet 2019
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9782759823918
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 7 Mo

Extrait

QuinteSciences

A Primer in Photoemission Concepts and Applications

Antonio Tejeda and Daniel Malterre

QuinteSciences

A Primer in Photoemission Concepts and Applications

Antonio Tejeda and Daniel Malterre

P hotoemission is a spectroscopic technique to study the physicochemical properties of surfaces as well as their electronic properties, since it allows you to determine the band structure of the materials.

This book introduces the basic concepts of photoemission: core level and valence band photoemission, together with many recent developments on current topics. Two levels of reading are presented: an elementary primer based on a monoelectronic approach to qualitatively understand the interest of this spectroscopy and a deeper level supported on a manybody approach that allows you to get access to the interactions at the origin of the electronic properties of condensed matter.

This book addresses a broad span of readers, from undergraduate students for the more elementary aspects, to the research scientists specialized in the technique for the concepts and the application examples.

Antonio Tejedais a research professor at CNRS, working at the Laboratoire de Physique des Solides located at the University of South Paris and he is also associate scientist at the SOLEIL synchrotron facility. He is the author of more than seventy articles on lowdimensional systems, some of them addressing the public at large.

Daniel Malterreis professor at the Lorraine University and performs his research at Institut Jean Lamour in the “surfaces and spectroscopies” team that he founded. He is the author of more than one hundred and thirty publications on different disciplines, ranging from strongly correlated systems to surface physics.

9782759820658

9 782759 820658

www.edpsciences.org

The QuinteSciences collection is intended for a specialised audience. It provides reference works, written by recognized experts in their field and deals in depth with a scientific subject. QuinteSciences thus contributes to the diffusion of fundamental knowledge.

A Primer in Photoemission: Concepts and Applications

Antonio Tejeda Daniel Malterre

This book has been edited with the support of Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Institut Jean Lamour, SOLEIL synchrotron and Labex Palm.

Cover illustration: from left to right, graphene bands, schematics of a photoemission process and Fermi surface of bismuth.

ISBN(print): 9782759820658 – ISBN(ebook): 9782759823918 Printed in France

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the r ights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data bank. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is only permitted under the provisions of the French Copyright law of March 11, 1957. Violations fall under the prosecution act of the French Copyright law.

© EDP Sciences, 2019

To our recently deceased fathers Antonio and Daniel

Table

Preface

of

Acknowledgments

Introduction

I Concepts

Contents

Chapter 1  The history of photoemission 1.1 Origin of photoemission: the photoelectric effect 1.2 Core level spectroscopy 1.3 Band structure 1.4 Photoemission: a standard technique for the study of electronic properties Chapter 2  Elementary approach to photoemission 2.1 The photoelectron emission process 2.2 Technical aspects of a photoemission experiment 2.3 Model to describing the photoemission process 2.4 The core levels 2.5 The valence band Chapter 3  Basic concepts 3.1 Photoemission modelling

ix

xi

1

3

5 6 9 12

13 17 17 21 23 23 26 29 29

v

vi

A Primer in Photoemission: Concepts and Applications

3.1.1 Hamiltonian of the electronphoton interaction Hamiltonian and transition probability 29 3.1.2 Qualitative approach: nearlyfree electrons 33 3.1.3 Qualitative approach: core levels 42 3.1.4 The onestep and the threestep models 47 3.1.5 The threestep model 48 3.2 Detailed analysis of valence states: Nbody approach. 56 3.2.1 Fermi liquid and quasiparticles. 56 3.2.2 Manybody formalism 57 3.2.3 Illustrations. 68 3.2.4 Selection rules and symmetry 72 3.2.5 Matrix elements. 76 3.2.6 Temperature dependence 86 3.3 Detailed analysis of core levels 90 3.3.1 Core level line shape in metals 91 3.3.2 Multiplet effects 94 3.3.3 Satellite structures 97 3.3.4 Selection rules for core level photoemission 102 3.3.5 Cross section 103 3.4 Related processes 106 3.4.1 Auger spectroscopy 106 3.4.2 Photoelectron diffraction 109 3.4.3 Resonant photoemission 114 3.4.4 Twophoton processes 120 3.4.5 Inverse photoemission 123 Chapter 4  Experimental techniques 129 4.1 Ultrahigh vacuum 129 4.2 Micromechanics 131 4.3 Photon sources 132 4.3.1 Discharge lamps 132 4.3.2 Xray tubes 134 4.3.3 Laser photoemission: ultrahigh resolution and dynamical studies 136

4.3.4 Synchrotron radiation and beam lines 4.3.5 Free electron lasers 4.4 Electron analyzers 4.4.1 Cylindrical Mirror Analyzer 4.4.2 Hemispherical Analyzer 4.4.3 Toroidal detectors 4.4.4 High pressure electron detection 4.4.5 Timeofflight detector 4.4.6 Spin analyzers 4.4.7 Photoemission microscope II Applications

Chapter 5  Transitions from localized states 5.1 Spectral shape of core level transitions 5.1.1 Auger transitions 5.1.2 Photoemission transitions 5.1.3 Spectra from complex core levels 5.2 Core level spectroscopy applications 5.2.1 Quantitative chemical analysis 5.2.2 Chemical shifts 5.2.3 Composition profile under the surface 5.2.4 Coverage estimation 5.2.5 Growth kinetics 5.2.6 Dichroism in photoemission Chapter 6  Photoelectron diffraction 6.1 Experimental techniques 6.2 Methods for structural determination 6.2.1 Direct methods 6.2.2 Comparative methods 6.3 Photoelectron diffraction examples Chapter 7  Dispersion relations 7.1 Experimental data representation

Table of Contents

140 153 155 158 159 161 162 162 164 167 171

173 174 174 176 180 186 186 188 192 193 194 196 199 199 201 201 204 209 217 218

vii

viii

A Primer in Photoemission: Concepts and Applications

7.1.1 Twodimensional representations of the dispersion 7.1.2 Energy and Momentum Distribution Curves 7.1.3 Positivenegative energy symmetrization of the data 7.1.4 Normalizations to study states near the Fermi level 7.1.5 Fermi surface representation 7.1.6 Transport 7.2 Spectral signature analysis 7.2.1 Electronphonon coupling 7.2.2 k perpendicular determination 7.2.3 Spin polarisation 7.2.4 Finalstate and matrix element effects 7.2.5 Other applications

A Photoemission with a detection slit parallel to the polar rotation

B Quality of a core level fit

C Fermi level determination

D Acronyms

Index

218 220 223 224 226 229 230 230 234 235 238 240

247

251

255

259

261