Make Your Destructive, Dynamic, and Attribute Measurement System Work for You

William D. Mawby

Description

The motivation for this book comes from the author’s extensive experience with trying to apply the standard measurement systems analysis methods to real-world problems that arise in manufacturing and industry. The methods work well for simple systems that are not dynamic and have only two significant sources of error, but leave a lot to be desired in other circumstances. This shortfall is especially clear in the case of attribute measurement systems analysis in which the standard method is far from adequate. This book provides clear procedures for situations in which the part values change or are destroyed. It also provides procedures that work when the measurements are dynamic and cannot be separated from the process. It extends the simple methods to cases in which the measurement systems have several sources of uncertainty. And it completely overhauls the attribute methodology and enables it for many difficult but practical applications. Each extension of the method is detailed in a chapter complete with realistic examples and end-of-chapter summaries called “Take Home Pay” which clue the reader into the key points that are critical for the attempt to enable bottom line success. The reader who uses these methods will find that they can quickly make significant improvement in their destructive, dynamic, and attribute measurement systems with less effort.

Sujets

• Business
• Qualité, hygiène, sécurité, environnement
• Sciences formelles
• Mathématiques appliquées
• Mathématiques appliquées
• Techniques
• Automatisation et Contrôle
• Contrôle des processus
• Automatisation
• Automate
• Sciences et techniques
• Metrology
• Measurement
• Mathematics
• MSA

Informations

• Publié par: ASQ Quality Press
• Date de parution: 30 juin 2006
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9780873895491
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 2 Mo

Extrait

Make Your Destructive, Dynamic, and Attribute Measurement System Work for You

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To request a complimentary catalog of ASQ Quality Press publications, call 8002481946, or visit our Web site at http://qualitypress.asq.org.

Make Your Destructive, Dynamic, and Attribute Measurement System Work for You

William D. Mawby

ASQ Quality Press Milwaukee, Wisconsin

American Society for Quality, Quality Press, Milwaukee 53203 © 2006 by American Society for Quality All rights reserved. Published 2006 Printed in the United States of America 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data

Mawby, William D., 1952–  Make your destructive, dynamic, and attribute measurement system work for  you / William D. Mawby.  p. cm.  Includes bibliographical references and index.  ISBN13: 9780873896917 (alk. paper)  1. Process control—Statistical methods. 2. Mensuration. I. Title.  TS156.8.M39 2006  658.5′62—dc22  2006007817

No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

Publisher: William A. Tony Acquisitions Editor: Annemieke Hytinen Project Editor: Paul O’Mara Production Administrator: Randall Benson

ASQ Mission: The American Society for Quality advances individual, organiza tional, and community excellence worldwide through learning, quality improve ment, and knowledge exchange.

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Printed on acidfree paper

I dedicate this work to my daughter Briana and wife LuAnne, who make it all possible for me every day and in every way.

I also dedicate this work to all the practitioners who have struggled with applying measurement systems in realistic situations. I sincerely hope that the information in this book will enable you to achieve a personal level of success in making real improvements to your company’s quality performance.

Cont

ent

s

Figures and Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

The Need for Measurement Systems Analysis . . . The Critical Nature of Senses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Product Classification Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Process Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Process Control Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analysis Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Learning Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Review of the Standard Variables Measurement Systems Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Measurement Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Measurement Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Problems and Limitations of the Standard MSA . . .

The Variability in the Estimate of Repeatability and Reproducibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Evaluating the Variability Inherent in the Repeatability Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Variability Impact of Adding Appraisers to the ANOVA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The WhatIf Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Impact on Estimate of the RandR Index . . . . . . Summary and Prescription . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

vii

xi xvii

1 1 2 6 8 10 12

15 15 16 20

2

3

2

3

28 31 40 41

viii

Contents

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Extending the Standard MSA to Other Sources of Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Extending the ANOVA MSA to More Sources. . . . . Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Deformative Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Complex Measurement Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Naive Approach to Nonrepeatable MSAs . . . . . A Corrective Approach to Nonrepeatable MSAs . . . A Design Approach to Nonrepeatable MSAs . . . . . . An Analysis Approach to Nonrepeatable MSAs. . . .

Destructive Measurement Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . The Naive Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Blending Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Standardization Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A Modeling Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

InLine and Dynamic Measurement Systems. . . . Some Measurement Systems without True Repeats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The Design of MSA Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Some Basic Design Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Adequate Isolation of Effects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adequate Sample Size Attainment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Designing for the Unexpected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The Basic Approach to Attribute Measurement Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Standard Effectiveness Approach . . . . . . . . . . . Sample Size Effects for the Attribute Analysis . . . . . The Effects of Nonindependence in the Repeats . . . Effects of Poorly Chosen Reference Parts . . . . . . . . Corrections to the Procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A More Powerful Approach to Attribute Measurement Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repeatability with No Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adding Costs to the Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Using Prediction Probabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Different Decision Rules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

43 43 57

59 59 62 63 64 66

69 69 71 71 73

8

8

1

1

95 95 96 105 108

115 116 119 121 122 126

129 129 132 133 134

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Contents

Repeatability with a Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adding Reproducibility Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Extensions and Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Extending the Attribute MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Logistic Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Application of Logistic Regression to a Simple Attribute MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Application of Logistic Regression to an RandR Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Extension of the MSA to Other Discrete Sources of Dispersion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Extension of the MSA to Continuous Sources of Dispersion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Extension to Destructive Attribute MSA . . . . . . . . .

The Evaluation of Measurement System Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Concept of Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Risk on Product Sorting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Cost Component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Risk Evaluation for Attribute Gages . . . . . . . . . . . . . Risk Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Applying Measurement Risk Programs . . . . . . . . . . Risk Improvement Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Maintenance of a Measurement Management Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The Reliability of Measurement Systems . . . . . . . The Dynamic Nature of Measurement Systems . . . . FailureBased Reliability for Measurement Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . An Example Showing the Different Approaches . . . Closing Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chapter 14 A Review of Progress with an Eye to the Future. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current Status of MSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Future Directions for MSAs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ix

135 137 138

143 143

146

148

156

157 159

165 165 165 167 169 170 171 173

174

177 177

177 180 191

193 193 197 201 203