Community Organization and Development

Steve Clarke

Description

This book traces the development of community development/organization as it evolved separately in Britain and the United States, and how the social and political situations in each country determined the various shapes and directions it took. In presenting a comprehensive history of the subject, Community Organization and Development draws on local and international factors that have helped to shape its application and fortunes across varied settings. Recent economic and social pressures, the changing demographics of developed economies, and the rise of social and cultural diversity all contribute to the need for a comprehensive model that can be deployed to effect the necessary social changes required for sustained change with stability. The history of this intervention technique throws up many examples from which insight can be gained for the present time, and Wales is used as an example of how national policy and local development could be combined for maximum effect. Community development should become reliable and quantifiable, and the comprehensive model developed here demonstrates how and when it should be deployed.

Sujets

• Social Work
• Social Science
• Sociologie, société et politique
• Organization
• Community
• Development

Informations

• Publié par: University of Wales Press
• Date de parution: 23 mars 2017
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781786830517
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 9 Mo

Extrait

Community
Organization
and Development
COD.indd 1 08/03/2017 13:38:17Community
Organization
and Development
from its history towards a model for the future
Steve Clarke
UNIVERSITY OF WALES PRESS
2017
COD.indd 3 08/03/2017 13:38:17© Steve Clarke, 2017
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any material form
(including photocopying or storing it in any medium by electronic means and whether
or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the
written permission of the copyright owner. Applications for the copyright owner’s
wsion to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the
University of Wales Press, 10 Columbus Walk, Brigantine Place, Cardiff CF10 4UP.
www.uwp.co.uk
British Library CIP Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 978-1-78683-0500
eISBN: 978-1-78683-0517
The right of Steve Clarke to be identifed as author of this work has been asserted in
accordance with sections 77 and 79 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Typeset by Marie Doherty
Printed by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham
COD.indd 4 08/03/2017 13:38:18Contents
Dedication vii
Foreword by Mark Drakeford AM ix
Acknowledgementsxi
List of Figuresxiii
Abbreviationsxv
Introduction1
1 Background to community development and its relevance
to sustainable planning 9
2 The historical development of community development to 1940 41
3 Community development in the modern era – an international
perspective 75
4Community development in the modern era – community
development in the UK 117
5Conclusions and fnal analysis 169
Bibliography205
Index263
COD.indd 5 08/03/2017 13:38:18Dedication
I learned my community development under rather harsh circumstances, under
the apartheid regime in South Africa. Working with disadvantaged and displaced
communities was politically risky as well as a challenging task in highly pressured
social circumstances. Dr Harvey Cohen was the inspiration for the student charity,
and development agency (WITSCO), which I ran for some four years. In addition
to providing a ‘womb to tomb’ health and welfare service to a large Black
community, this organisation gave rise to the foundations of political structures for Black
South Africans. It also gave me my frst six years in community development, both
as feldworker and manager. Names linked to Dr Cohen in this activity are Mary
Edgington, Ronny Rosenbaum, Sheila Barsel, Paul Davies, Rodney Waldeck and
Brian McKendrick. To them I owe my capability to begin this publication.
From South Africa, I came to London, where the late June Bell introduced
me to poverty, disaffected youth, and the possibility to build healthy lives and
vibrant communities out of the dispossessed in London. I was privileged, also,
to be taught by Sugata Dasgupta, the Gandhian disciple, at the LSE in 1970/71.
From being a ‘white African’, and all that brought with it, I was transformed into
a listening, non-assertive, and capable community development worker. I was now
much better equipped for working in the feld.
Community development came to the social disarray of de-industrialising
South Wales through the Young Volunteer Force Foundation project Polypill.
Here, a community of about 7,000 people made me welcome, and we worked for
12 years to bring coherence and cohesion to a community blighted by ‘planning’
and offcialdom. The team, over the years, comprised: Rose Hughes, Pat Charters,
Joan Stacey, Steve Dowrick, Mike Fleetwood, Iona Gordon, Jane Hutt, Martin
Notcutt and Martin Cumella. From each of them I was able to glean fresh insights
into what was to become my burning passion – to bring community development
to a wider audience, and to develop further its capacity to assist community life.
Swansea University sheltered me from the real world for the next 25 years, but
the post-grad students in the Social Work and Health Science presented a fresh
challenge every day. The (almost) truism that feld workers do not read was brought
home to me, and fresh insights into my trade were forthcoming in Swansea in
COD.indd 7 08/03/2017 13:38:18Community Organization and Development
abundance. Getting the chance to share in the acquisition of new knowledge with
so many is a rare privilege.
To Terrie, who had to endure this long, drawn-out process for many years, and
was a constant source of support and inspiration, I owe the greatest debt – Many
thanks, indeed!
viii
COD.indd 8 08/03/2017 13:38:18Foreword
Community development has been a prominent component of Welsh Government
strategic thinking, not only in urban regeneration but across a wide range of
Public Health issues as well. Since 1999, the devolved Welsh government has
incorporated community development in all of its community-oriented social
policy and through its Communities First programme, brought community
capacity development and engagement into social planning as a priority. The Welsh
Voluntary Sector, also, has produced vital results in the feld of raising community
awareness and capabilities. Community Development Cymru was funded by the
Welsh Government to promote standards and support for community
development across Wales.
This volume provides an important perspective on the pedigree of community
development across the United Kingdom. It provides a theoretical platform on
which today’s practitioners can build their work. It also provides powerful insights
into the history of professional practice in this feld and links it convincingly with
its other British connections. The research that has gone into this work shows
how much community work in Wales, and in the UK generally, owes to the wider
international scene, with the United States featuring prominently in this.
Steve Clarke is an experienced worker in this feld, in Wales and across a
variety of international settings. He has also demonstrated how engaging this subject
can be at the level of educating future practitioners and managers in Public Health
and for those planning social change. His book shows how challenging this activity
can be and how a sound base of theory and discipline underpins success.
Mark Drakeford AM
Cabinet Secretary for Finance and Local Government
Welsh Government
Cardiff
June 2016
COD.indd 9 08/03/2017 13:38:18Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements are made to the following sources of fgures used in the text:
Figure 1. Institute for Futures Studies, Stockholm, for: Dahlgren, Goran, and
Whitehead, Margaret. (1991) Policies and strategies to promote social equity in
health, Figure 1, p. 11.
Figure 5. Taylor & Francis, Abingdon, for: Plummer, J. (1999) Municipalities and
Community Participation: a sourcebook for capacity building, Box 2.1, p. 8
Figure 8. Ashgate Publishing, Farnham, for: Clarke, S. J. G. (2000) Social Work as
Community Development: a management model for social change, Figure 7, p. 265.
COD.indd 11 08/03/2017 13:38:18List of Figures
Figure 1: Inequalities in health – a holistic framework for action 28
Figure 2: Simple system diagram 182
Figure 3: Creating a simple community organisation 183
Figure 4: Representative community organisation: representational 186
task delegated to the new organisation
Figure 5: The capacity of the authority to implement community 191
development strategies
Figure 6: Integrated strategic planning organisation 193
Figure 7: The Older People’s Commissioner for Wales and 197
its relationship with Local Health Boards, etc.
Figure 8: Holistic model for evaluation 200
COD.indd 13 08/03/2017 13:38:18Abbreviations
ACW Association of Community Workers
CCETSW Central Council for Education and Training in Social Work
CDF Community Development Foundation
CDJ Community Development Journal
CDP Community Development Project
CDP IIU CDP Information and Intelligence Unit
CDWW Community Development Workforce Wales
CPF Community Projects Foundation
CtC Communities that Care
CYC Company of Young Canadians
DCLG Department for Communities and Local Government
DETRs Department of the Environment, Transport and Regions
EU European Union
FCDL Federation of Community Development Learning
HMSO Her Majesty’s Stationery Offce
IASSW International Association of Schools of Social Work
ICSSW Independent Commission on Social Services in Wales
IDA Improvement and Development Agency
IDS Institute of Development Studies Sussex University
IIU [CDP] Information and Intelligence Unit
IMF International Monetary Fund
LDDC London Docklands Development Corporation
LSE London School of Economics
MSC Manpower Services Commission
NAforW National Assembly for Wales
NCSS National Council of Social Service
NDC New Deal for Communities
NHS National Health Service [UK]
NISW National Council for Social Work
NICE National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
OCS Offce for Civic Responsibility
OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
COD.indd 15 08/03/2017 13:38:18Community Organization and Development
OFMDFM Offce of the First Minister and the Deputy First Minister
(Northern Ireland)
ONS Offce of National Statistics
OPCforW Older People’s Commissioner for Wales
PSSRU Personal Social Service Research Unit
QUANGO Quasi-Autonomous Non-Governmental Organisation
SCDC Scottish Community Development Centre
SCP Southwark Community Project
SEU Social Exclusion Unit
SIP Single Integrated Plan
SRB Single Regeneration Budget
TSO The Stationery Offce
UK United Kingdom
UN United Nations Organization
UNICEF UN International Children’s Emergency Fund
USA United States of America
VISTA Volunteers in Service to America
VSO Voluntary Service Overseas
WAG Welsh Assembly Government
WEFO Welsh European Funding Offce
WG Welsh Government
WI Women’s Institute
WLGA Welsh Local Government Association
WHO World Health Organization
WHOEurope WHO Regional Offce for Europe
YVFF Young Volunteer Force Foundation
YMCA Young Men’s Christian Association
YWCA Young