Intellectuals at a Crossroads

Zhidong Hao

Description

Zhidong Hao's fascinating book, Intellectuals at a Crossroads, examines groups of contemporary Chinese intellectuals, their successes, failures, identity contradictions, and ethical dilemmas. Three categories of intellectuals are studied: organic intellectuals who serve specific interests, from government and business to working class movements; critical intellectuals who defy authority with continued social criticism; and "unattached" intellectuals who are fast being professionalized. Using a historical-comparative approach enhanced with demographic and rare interview data, the book bridges the traditional with the modern and the Chinese with the foreign by exploring how these intellectuals are adapting to their roles and influencing political, economic, and social change in the "new" China.
List of Tables and Figures

List of Abbreviations

Foreword by Merle Goldman

Preface

Acknowledgments

1. Introduction: Toward a Political Sociology of China's Intellectuals

Four Types of Intellectuals and Four Political Roles
The Ideological Foundations of Intellectuals' Political Roles
Ethical Dilemmas Facing Intellectuals
The Chinese Intellectual: A Typology
Conclusions

2. From Uniformity to Fragmentation: Intellectuals in the Mao Era (1949–1976) and in the First Deng Period (1977–1989)

A High Degree of Uniformity with Limited Resistance: The Mao Era (1949–1976)
The Beginnings of Fragmentation: First Period of the Deng Era (1977–1989)
Conclusions

3. Critical Intellectuals

The Social Environment after 1989
The Critical Intellectual Discourses
The Democracy Movement
Other Social Critics: Some Examples
Conclusions: the Politics of Critical Intellectuals

4. Bourgeoisified and Professionalized Intellectuals

The Bourgeoisification of Intellectuals
The Professionalization of Intellectuals

5. Social Class and Organic Intellectuals

Class and Class Structure in Formation
Organic Intellectuals
Conclusions: Contradictory Class Locations of Organic Intellectuals

6. Intellectuals as a Class

Are Intellectuals a Class?
Chinese Intellectuals as a Class
The Elitist Flaw of the Intellectual Class
Conclusions

7. Summary and Conclusion: The Future of China's Intellectuals

The Changing Politics of China's Knowledge Workers
The Future of China's Intellectuals

Appendix: A Note on the Concept of the Intellectual

Transition from Literati to Intellectuals: The Chinese Story
Transition from Philosophers to Intellectuals: The Western Story
Definitions of the Modern Intellectual

Notes

Bibliography

Index of Chinese Names and Phrases

Subject and Name Index

Sujets

• Ethnic studies

Informations

• Publié par: State University of New York Press
• Date de parution: 01 février 2012
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9780791487570
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 4 Mo

Extrait

Intellectuals at a Crossroads

SUNY series, INTERRUPTIONS: Border Testimony(ies) and Critical Discourse/s

Henry A. Giroux, editor

Intellectuals at a Crossroads

The Changing Politics of China’s Knowledge Workers

Zhidong Hao

State University of New York Press

Published by State University of New York Press, Albany

© 2003 State University of New York

All rights reserved

Printed in the United States of America

No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission. No part of this book may be stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means including electronic, elec- trostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission in writing of the publisher.

For information, address State University of New York Press,

90 State Street, Suite 700, Albany, NY 12207

Production by Michael Haggett

Marketing by Michael Campochiaro

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Hao, Zhidong, 1952– Intellectuals at a crossroads : the changing politics of China’s knowledge workers / Zhidong Hao. p. cm. — SUNY series, interruptions—border testimony(ies) and critical discourse/s) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–7914–5579–3 (alk. paper) — ISBN 0–7914–5580–7 (pbk : alk. paper) 1. Professional employees—China—Political activity. 2. Intellectuals—China—Political activity. 3. Knowledge workers—China—Political activity. 4. China—Intellectual life— 1949– 5. China—Politics and government—1949– I. Title. II. Series. HD8038.C55H36 2003 320.951'088—dc2l 2002044772

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

To the Four Most Important Women in My Life

My Mother (1909–1974) A loving and sweet peasant woman who lived in hardship all her life and whom I can only join in my dreams.

Jiachun My much loved wife, who endured all of those sleepless nights while I worked on the book.

My daughter,

Kate (Huikun) whom I did not have much time to take out for fun.

Eva Richter The devoted friend whose support has made possible my life in the United States.

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Contents

List of Tables and Figures ix List of Abbreviations xi Foreword by Merle Goldman xiii Preface xvii Acknowledgments xxiii 1. Introduction: Toward a Political Sociology of China’s Intellectuals 1 Four Types of Intellectuals and Four Political Roles 2 The Ideological Foundations of Intellectuals’ Political Roles 44 Ethical Dilemmas Facing Intellectuals 50 The Chinese Intellectual: A Typology 68 Conclusions 70 2. From Uniformity to Fragmentation: Intellectuals in the Mao Era (1949–1976) and in the First Deng Period (1977–1989) 73 A High Degree of Uniformity with Limited Resistance: The Mao Era (1949–1976) 74 The Beginnings of Fragmentation: First Period of the Deng Era (1977–1989) 96 Conclusions 114 3. Critical Intellectuals 118 The Social Environment after 1989 119 The Critical Intellectual Discourses 137 The Democracy Movement 175 Other Social Critics: Some Examples 190 Conclusions: the Politics of Critical Intellectuals 197

viii

Intellectuals at a Crossroads

4. Bourgeoisified and Professionalized Intellectuals 205 The Bourgeoisification of Intellectuals 208 The Professionalization of Intellectuals 225 5. Social Class and Organic Intellectuals 261 Class and Class Structure in Formation 261 Organic Intellectuals 286 Conclusions: Contradictory Class Locations of Organic Intellectuals 310 6. Intellectuals as a Class 314 Are Intellectuals a Class? 314 Chinese Intellectuals as a Class 323 The Elitist Flaw of the Intellectual Class 340 Conclusions 343 7. Summary and Conclusion: The Future of China’s Intellectuals 346 The Changing Politics of China’s Knowledge Workers 346 The Future of China’s Intellectuals 356 Appendix: A Note on the Concept of the Intellectual 377 Transition from Literati to Intellectuals: The Chinese Story 377 Transition from Philosophers to Intellectuals: The Western Story 383 Definitions of the Modern Intellectual 385 Notes 397 Bibliography 421 Index of Chinese Names and Phrases 477 Subject and Name Index 489

List of Tables and Figures

Table 1.1 Occupational Distribution of American-Trained Students 18 Table 1.2 Fields of Study of Chinese in the United States 40 Table 1.3 Intellectual Roles and Ideological Traits 49 Table 1.4 Typology of Intellectuals 70

Table 3.1 Percent of Private Entrepreneurs with Different Levels of Schooling

Table 3.2 Number and Percent of Various Articles in Dongfang,1995

Table 3.3 Number and Percent of Various Articles inBeijing Spring,No. 1–9, 1997

Table 4.1 Number of Intellectuals/Professionals in State-Owned Enterprises and Institutions in 1997

Table 4.2 Income Distribution of Technical Intellectuals

Table 4.3 Living Space Per Person

Table 5.1 Assets, Exploitation, and Classes

Table 5.2 The Distribution of Workers in Enterprises

Table 5.3 Those Who Have Affected the Development in Contemporary China

Table 5.4 The Number and Subjects of Articles Published in Qiu Shi, 1995

Table 6.1 Cultural Capital, CCD, and Organicity of Intellectuals Compared with Those of Other Classes

124

138

176

207 233 237 263 276

288

289

320