Private Oceans

Fiona McCormack

Description

As the era of thriving, small-scale fishing communities continues to wane across waters that once teamed with (a way of) life, Fiona McCormack opens a window into contemporary fisheries quota systems, laying bare how neoliberalism has entangled itself in our approach to environmental management.



Grounded in fieldwork in New Zealand, Iceland, Ireland and Hawaii, McCormack offers up a comparative analysis of the mechanisms driving the transformations unleashed by a new era of ocean grabbing. Exploring the processes of privatisation in ecosystem services, Private Oceans traces how value has been repositioned in the market, away from productive activities. The result? The demise of the small-scale sector, the collapse of fishing communities, cultural loss, and the emergence of a newly propertied class of producers - the armchair fisherman.



Ultimately, Private Oceans demonstrates that the deviations from the capitalist norm explored in this book offer grounds for the reimagining of both fisheries economies and broader environmental systems.
Series Preface

Acknowledgements

Abbreviations

Glossary

Introduction: Neoliberalising the Environment: the Case of Fisheries Quota

1. Disciplining and Incorporating Dissent: Neoliberalism and Indigeneity

2. Sustainability: A Malleable Concept

3. Transferability and Markets

4. Gifts and Commodities: Hawaiian Fisheries

5. Nostalgia: Laments and Precarity

Epilogue: ITQs, Neoliberalism and the Anthropocene

Notes

Bibliography

Index

Sujets

• Social Science
• Sociologie, société et politique
• 21st century
• Natural Resources
• General officer
• Privatization
• Anthropology
• General
• Social
• Culture

Informations

• Publié par: Pluto Press
• Date de parution: 20 août 2017
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781786801395
• Langue: English

Extrait

Private Oceans
Anthropology, Culture and Society
Series Editors: Jamie Cross, University of Edinburgh, Christina Garsten, Stockholm University and Joshua O. Reno, Binghamton University
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Private Oceans
The Enclosure and Marketisation of the Seas
Fiona McCormack
First published 2017 by Pluto Press
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www.plutobooks.com
Copyright Fiona McCormack 2017
The right of Fiona McCormack to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978 0 7453 9915 7 Hardback
ISBN 978 0 7453 9910 2 Paperback
ISBN 978 1 7868 0138 8 PDF eBook
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Contents
Series Preface
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations
Glossary
Introduction: Neoliberalising the Environment - the Case of Fisheries Quota
1. Disciplining and Incorporating Dissent: Neoliberalism and Indigeneity
2. Sustainability: A Malleable Concept
3. Transferability and Markets
4. Gifts and Commodities: Hawaiian Fisheries
5. Nostalgia: Laments and Precarity
Epilogue: ITQs, Neoliberalism and the Anthropocene
Notes
Bibliography
Index
Series Preface
Anthropology is a discipline based upon in-depth ethnographic works that deal with wider theoretical issues in the context of particular, local conditions - to paraphrase an important volume from the series: large issues explored in small places . This series has a particular mission: to publish work that moves away from an old-style descriptive ethnography that is strongly area-studies oriented, and offer genuine theoretical arguments that are of interest to a much wider readership, but which are nevertheless located and grounded in solid ethnographic research. If anthropology is to argue itself a place in the contemporary intellectual world, then it must surely be through such research.
We start from the question: What can this ethnographic material tell us about the bigger theoretical issues that concern the social sciences? rather than What can these theoretical ideas tell us about the ethnographic context? Put this way round, such work becomes about large issues, set in a (relatively) small place, rather than detailed description of a small place for its own sake. As Clifford Geertz once said, Anthropologists don t study villages; they study in villages.
By place, we mean not only geographical locale, but also other types of place - within political, economic, religious or other social systems. We therefore publish work based on ethnography within political and religious movements, occupational or class groups, among youth, development agencies, and nationalist movements; but also work that is more thematically based - on kinship, landscape, the state, violence, corruption, the self. The series publishes four kinds of volume: ethnographic monographs; comparative texts; edited collections; and shorter, polemical essays.
We publish work from all traditions of anthropology, and all parts of the world, which combines theoretical debate with empirical evidence to demonstrate anthropology s unique position in contemporary scholarship and the contemporary world.
Jamie Cross Christina Garsten Joshua O. Reno
Acknowledgements
Thanks are due to so many people for their support in multiple ways during this project. I extend heartfelt appreciation to all my collaborators in New Zealand, Iceland, Hawaii and Ireland, who over the years have participated generously in my research. Particular thanks go to Angeline Greensill, John Hikuwai, Margaret Mutu, Waldo Houia, Katarina Edmonds, N els Einarsson, Craig Severance, Kale Langlas, Kathy Kawelu, Siobhan McCormack, Marge McManus, Pearse Doherty, Seamie McIntyre, Gerry Early and John O Brien. I am grateful for the encouragement of my very dear colleagues in the Anthropology Programme at the University of Waikato, Aotearoa/New Zealand: Tom Ryan, Fraser Macdonald, Keith Barber, Michael Goldsmith, Judith Macdonald, Des Kahotea and Apo Aporosa. Jacinta Forde, Luke Oldfield, Lily Brown, Steve Webster and Jon Altman have also dedicated their time to this project. I am especially thankful for the support of my husband, David Scott, and my father-in-law, Lawrie, who built me a garden office so I could write in peace. My children, Ois n, Ciara and Mila deserve special acknowledgement for their tolerance and empathy. Also, David Castle of Pluto Press has expertly guided me through the publishing process. Finally, my father, Patrick Joseph McCormack, deserves the utmost thanks. He has cast his critical eye over every word in this manuscript. I dedicate this book to him and to my mother, Renata McCormack.
Various ideas in this book have appeared previously in some of my published essays and chapters. In this present form, however, both the data and analysis have been hugely extended and represent a new direction in my thinking.
Abbreviations
ACE
Annual catch entitlement : the tonnage of fish that the quota owner is able to harvest in a year. This entitlement can be fished by the owner or leased to others.
ACL
Annual catch limit : this demarcates an overall amount of a fish species, or a total quota, that when reached in a fishing year triggers a closure.
AFL
Aotearoa Fisheries Limited : the company established to maximise the value of M ori fisheries assets for the benefit of its iwi and M ori shareholders (now Moana New Zealand).
CFP
Common Fisheries Policy : the fisheries policy of the European Union.
EU
European Union
EEZ
Exclusive Economic Zone : the sea zone prescribed by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seas. It stretches from the baseline to 200 nautical miles from its coast. Under the EEZ states have perpetual rights over the exploration and use of marine resources, including energy production from water and wind.
FCV
Foreign charter vessels
HDAR
Hawaii Department of Aquatic Resources : the department which manages Hawaii s aquatic resources and ecosystems.
IFQ
Individual fishing quota : a different term for ITQs, used, for example, in Iceland.
ITQ
Individual transferable quota : the dedicated portion of the TAC allocated to individuals.
LEP
Limited entry permit : a system used to limit the amount of vessels in a fishery. Restrictions also typically pertain to gear and vessel length.
MBI
Market-based instruments : policy instruments that use markets, price and other economic variables to provide incentives for users to reduce or eliminate negative environmental externalities.
MIO
Mandated iwi organisation : an iwi organisation that has met the governance criteria set out in the M ori Fisheries Act 2004. MIOs are entitled to receive fisheries as