Struggle for Self-Determination

M. Beck David R.

Description

Drawing on meticulous archival research and a close working relationship with the Menominee Historic Preservation Department, David R. M. Beck picks up where his earlier work, Siege and Survival: History of the Menominee Indians, 1634–1856, ended. The Struggle for Self-Determination begins with the establishment of a small reservation in the Menominee homeland in northeastern Wisconsin at a time when the Menominee economic, political, and social structure came under aggressive assault. For the next hundred years the tribe attempted to regain control of its destiny, enduring successive policy attacks by governmental, religious, and local business sources.

 

The Menominee’s rich forests became a battleground on which they refused to cede control to the U.S. government. The struggle climaxed in the mid-twentieth century when the federal government terminated its relationship with the tribe. Throughout this time the Menominee fought to maintain their connection to their past and to regain control of their future. The lessons they learned helped them through their greatest modern disaster—termination—and enabled them to reconstruct a government and a reservation as the twentieth century drew to a close. The Struggle for Self-Determination reinterprets that story and includes the viewpoint of the Menominee in the telling of it.

Sujets

• Sociologie, société et politique
• USA
• América del Norte
• Indigenous peoples
• North America
• History of the Americas
• États-Unis
• History

Informations

• Publié par: Nebraska Paperback
• Date de parution: 01 décembre 2005
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9780803252943
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 3 Mo

Extrait

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The Struggle for Self-Determination

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The Struggle for Self-Determination •

History of the Menominee Indians since1854

dav id r. m. beck

University of Nebraska Press Lincoln and London

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Portions of chapters10–12have been previously pub- lished in the following sources: “Historical Overview,” in “Designing the Economic Future of the Menominee Peoples,” a report written by Benjamin J. Broome with LaDonna Harris for Americans for Indian Opportu- nity, April1991. “Return tosUo’ämaNıˆmäwı´kt: The Importance of Sturgeon in Menominee Indian His- tory,”Wisconsin Magazine of History79, no.1(autumn 1995):32–48. Reprinted with permission of the Wis- consin Historical Society. (Also reprinted inMenomi- nee Tribal News,12April1996,16–19.) “An Urban Plat- form for Advocating Justice: Protecting the Menominee Forest,” inAmerican Indians and the Urban Experience, ed. Susan Lobo and Kurt Peters,155–62 (Walnut Creekca: AltaMira Press,2001).

Set in Adobe Minion by Bob Reitz. Book designed by Richard Eckersley. Printed by Thomson-Shore, Inc.

©2005by the Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America  

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Beck, David,1956– The struggle for self-determination: history of the Menominee Indians since1854/ David R. M. Beck. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn-13:978-0-8032-1347-0(hardcover: alk. paper) isbn-10:0-8032-1347-6(hardcover: alkaline paper) 1. Menominee Indians – History.2. Menominee Indians – Treaties.3. Menominee Indians – Govern- ment relations.4. Self-determination, National. 5. United States – Politics and government.6. Meno- minee Indian Reservation (Wis.) – History. I. Title e99.977m44b435 2005 .4004'97313–dc22 2005003444

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I dedicate this book to those who work to strengthen tribal self-determination.

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c o n te n ts

List of Illustrations Preface: Shaping a Tribally Defined Existence Acknowledgments Introduction: Menominee Survival into the1850s Abbreviations 1. The Early Reservation Years 2. The Pivotal Divide of1871 3. Government and Religion 4. Twenty Million Feet a Year 5. The1905Blowdown and Its Aftermath 6. The Weight of Federal Wardship 7. From Allotment to Incorporation 8. Illusory Control 9. Termination 10. The Road to Restoration 11. Restoration 12. Tribal Self-Determination and Sovereignty Today Appendix Notes Bibliography Index

viii ix xvii xix xxviii 1 21 32 46 63 79 95 114 129 150 166 179 189 199 251 271

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i l lu s t r at i o n s

Figure1. Periods in Menominee history: A visual timeline Figure2. Novitiate takeover

xii 172

photo g r aphsFollowing page128 Four men on loaded logging sleigh John V. Satterlee Log jam on Little West Branch of Wolf River,1886 Three Menominee loggers White City in Neopit River drivers at Wolf River Dells Dam Council meeting St. Mary’s Church in Kinepoway Corpus Christi celebration Boys of St. Joseph’s school Sewing class at St. Joseph’s school St. Joseph’s carpentry shop Brother David’s shoe shop Nellie Wishkeno drumsleader James Washinawatok at a demonstration Menominee language class Menominee Tribal Enterprises The Wolf River on the Menominee reservation

maps 1. Wisconsin 2. Menominee reservation 3. Felix Keesing’s Menominee reservation settlements 4.1905blowdown and1927clear-cut

tables 1. Agents among the Menominee,1849–1958 2. Missionaries and priests among the Menominee,1853–1980 3. Menominee population estimates and figures,1852–2004 4. Mill and forest management until1950

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191 193 195 196

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p re face

Shaping a Tribally Defined Existence

This work is the culmination of a project that developed from a suggestion Sol 1 Tax made in the spring of1988. After he wrote the preface to my annotated bibliography of the Chicago American Indian community, he casually asked what project I would work on next. When I hesitated, Dr. Tax told me that what was really needed was a study of all the indigenous people across the world who survived the European expansion and colonization. He envisioned a large-scale and broad-scale analysis of these groups, including who they are and how and why they survived. Dr. Tax proposed a multi-life work, but his vision encouraged me to study the issue as it relates to a single tribal nation. Menominee leaders Ada Deer, Carol Dodge, and Michael Chapman encouraged me to use the Menominee as 2 a case study of survival. I worked closely with the Menominee Historic Preser- vation Department in framing the questions of the study and in researching the portion of the study conducted on the Menominee reservation. The resulting work is a modest contribution to Dr. Tax’s world vision. Reducing his proposal to a single North American indigenous nation, my guiding question came to be this: How did the Menominee survive the flood of European- and Euro-American-induced incursions into their land, lives, and culture? This question called for both documentation and analysis of the near overwhelming forces that this nation confronted in its battle to survive. It also raised a series of new questions. In what ways have the Menominee constructed the circumstances that define their world? To what extent have tribal actions been simply responsive to outside forces? To what extent have their actions been within the context of their longstanding cultural traditions? Or should their actions be understood as a combination of both? In what ways have the Menominee been able to shape their future on their own terms? In a historical sense, the future is often already part of the past. That means historians can analyze how those futures that have become the past have been shaped and reshaped over time. For the Menominee that shaping has required

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