Partition identities
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9 pages
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Introduction
Partition Identities
Alexander D. Healy ahealy@fas.harvard.edu
May 2001
Apartitionof a positive integern(or a partition of weightn) is a non-decreasing sequenceλ= P k λisuch thatλi=n. Theλi’s are thepartsof the (λ1, λ2, . . . , λk) of non-negative integersi=1 partitionλ. Integer partitions are of particular interest in combinatorics, partly because many profound questions concerning integer partitions, solved and unsolved, are easily stated, but not easily proved. Even the most basic question “How many partitions are there of weightn?” has no simple solution. Remarkably, however, there are a variety of partition identities of the form “The number of partitions ofnsatisfying conditionAis equal to the number of partitions ofn satisfying condition B,” even though no simple formulas are known for the number of partitions ofnsatisfyingAorB. The motivating example of such a partition identity is due to Euler: The number of partitions ofninto distinct parts is equal to the number of partitions ofninto odd parts. We will start here and our ultimate goal will be to examine a very recent development in thetheoryofpartitionidentities:theso-calledLectureHallPartitionsofBousquet-M´elouand Eriksson. Along the way, we will briefly visit some earlier results such as the Rogers-Ramanujan identities which have also extended the study of partition identities.
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Preliminaries
Definition 1.1.Apartitionof a positive integern(or a partition of weightn) is a non-decreasing P k ative integersλisuch thatλ=n sequenceλ= (λ1, λ2, . . . , λk)of non-negi=1i. The weight,|λ|, P k of the partitionλis defined to beλi. i=1 For example, there are 5 partitions of 4: (1,1,1,1),(1,1,2),(2,2),(1,3),(4). The study of partitions identities begins with the following result due to Euler. The proof of this result will demonstrate the power of using generating functions to prove partitions identities. The use of generating function permeates the study of partition identities and we will again en-counter similar uses of generating functions when we examine more recent development in partition identities. Theorem 1.2 (Euler).The number of partitions ofnno part is repeatedinto distinct parts (i.e. more than once) is equal to the number of partitions ofninto odd parts. Proof.Letp(n) be the number of partitions ofninto distinct parts. For instance,p(5) = 3, D D since (1,4),(2,3) and (5) are the only partitions of 5 into distinct parts.
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