Politique étrangère - Année 1999 - Volume 64 - Numéro 3 - Pages 679-692Twenty Years of Development the Changing Faces of Neo-Liberalism by Fran oise Nicolas The heterogeneity of the developing countries has been increasing constantly for about twenty years While an increase in wealth can be observed for the East Asian and Latin American countries other regions of the world parti cularly sub-Saharan Africa are languishing in poverty and non-development These disparities along with the economic and financial crises of the late 1990s are calling into question the economic theories and development poli cies launched in the 1980s The Mexican and Asian crises show that openness and liberalization are no panacea and that they involve risks the management of which should involve both national economies and the entire internatio nal community The non-development of sub-Saharan Africa proves the fai lure of aid policies and is thus an incentive to find new ways of integrating these countries into the world economy 14 pages Source : Persée ; Ministère de la jeunesse, de l’éducation nationale et de la recherche, Direction de l’enseignement supérieur, Sous-direction des bibliothèques et de la documentation.