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Publié par | rheinische_friedrich-wilhelms-universitat_bonn |
Publié le | 01 janvier 2011 |
Nombre de lectures | 29 |
Poids de l'ouvrage | 4 Mo |
Extrait
Molecular genetic analyses
in
developmental dyslexia
&
related endophenotypes
Dissertation
zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades (Dr. rer. nat.)
der
Mathematisch‐Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät
der
Rheinischen Friedrich‐Wilhelms‐Universität zu Bonn
vorgelegt von
Kerstin Urte Ludwig
aus Dresden
Bonn 2009 Angefertigt mit Genehmigung der Mathematisch‐Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der
Rheinischen Friedrich‐Wilhelms‐Universität Bonn
Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde am Institut für Humangenetik
der Rheinischen Friedrich‐Wilhelms‐Universität zu Bonn angefertigt.
1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Markus M. Nöthen
2. Prof. Dr. Michael Hoch
Tag der Promotion: 16. November 2010
Erscheinungsjahr: 2010
Im Gedenken an OStR Heinz Lorenz
Table of contents I
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS I
ABBREVIATIONS IV
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. BASIC PRINCIPLES 3
2.1 Developmental dyslexia 3
2.1.1 Clinical classification 3
2.1.2 Neurocognitive theories 4
2.1.3 Neurobiological studies 4
2.1.4 Dyslexia and related endophenotypes 6
2.1.5 Therapy and remediation 8
2.2 Identification of causal genes in human disorders 8
2.2.1 Genetic variability 9
2.2.2 Linkage and association analysis 11
2.2.3 Genotyping technologies 13 based on BeadArray Technology 13
Genotyping based on MassExtend Reaction 15
2.3 Genetics of dyslexia 16
2.3.1 Formal genetics 17
2.3.2 Dyslexia susceptibility loci 17
2.3.3 Dyslexia candidate genes 19
2.4 The NeuroDys Consortium 22
2.5 Scope of the doctoral thesis 23
3. MATERIAL AND METHODS 24
3.1 Devices 24
3.2 Chemicals and reagents 25
3.3 Solutions 26
Table of contents II
3.4 Commercial systems 27
3.5 Bioinformatic tools 28
3.5.1 Software 28
3.5.2 Databases 28
3.6 Study probands 29
3.6.1 German dyslexia (DYS‐) sample 29
Diagnosis of dyslexia and inclusion criteria 29
Clinical assessment of related endophenotypes 30
3.6.2 Probands of the NeuroDys sample 33
3.6.3 Control individuals 34
3.7 Protocols 35
3.7.1 Preparation of nucleic acids 35
Isolation methods 35
Determination of concentration and quality 36
Generation of DNA pools 37
3.7.2 Processing of nucleic acids 37
Polymerase chain reaction 38
Agarose gel electrophoresis 39
3.7.3 Genotyping of DNA samples 39 based on BeadArray Technology (Illumina®) 39
Genotyping based on MassExtend Reaction (Sequenom®) 43
3.7.4 Sequencing of DNA fragments 46
3.7.5 Expression analysis 48
Reverse transcription from mRNA to cDNA 48
Qualitative expression analysis in cDNA panels 49
Quantitative Real‐Time PCR analysis 49
3.8 Statistical analysis 51
3.8.1 General concepts 51
Quality control 51
Correction for multiple testing 52
Table of contents III
3.8.2 Association studies of qualitative traits 53
Case‐control studies 53
Family‐based association tests 54
3.8.3 Analysis of quantitative endophenotypes 55
4. RESULTS 56
4.1 Candidate gene approach 56
4.1.1 Investigation of genes within the DYX2 locus 56
An intronic deletion in DCDC2 as causal variant 56
Genetic interaction between KIAA0319 and DCDC2 57
4.1.2 Investigation of GRIN2B and short‐term memory 58
4.1.3 of LRRTM1 and human handedness 61
4.2 Genome‐wide approach 62
4.2.1 Association analysis of dyslexia as qualitative trait 63
4.2.2 Genome‐wide analysis of dyslexia‐related endophenotypes 67
Analysis of event‐related potentials 67
Analysis of arithmetical skills 70
5. DISCUSSION 75
5.1 Genetic factors for dyslexia as qualitative trait 75
5.2 Quantitative measures of dyslexia‐related endophenotypes 83
6. SUMMARY 96
7. OUTLOOK 98
8. REFERENCES 100
9. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 119
10. ATTACHMENTS VIII
Abbreviations IV
ABBREVIATIONS
A Adenine
aa Amino acid
ABI Applied Biosystems
ADHD Attention‐deficiency / hyperactivity disorder
AFE Allele frequency estimate
ANOVA Analysis of variance
bp Base pairs
C Cytosine
°C Degree Celcius
cDNA Copy deoxyribonucleic acid
Chr. Chromosome
CI Confidence interval
cm Centimeter
CMH Cochran‐Mantel‐Haenszel test
CNV Copy number variation
Co. Corporation
conc. Concentration / concentrated
corr. Corrected
CR Call rate
ct Cycle threshold
Cyc Cyclophilin
Da Dalton
DCDC2 Doublecortin domain containing 2
ddNTPDideoxyribonucleic triphosphate
DEPC Diethyl pyrocarbonate
dest. Distilled
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
DMSO Dimethyl sulfoxide
dNTP Deoxyribonucleic triphosphate
DSM Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
DYS Developmental dyslexia
DYX Dyslexia susceptibility locus
DYX1C1 1 candidate 1
EBV Eppstein‐Barr virus
EC Exact calculation
Abbreviations V