Quantitative analysis of carbonate sandbodies [Elektronische Ressource] : outcrop analog study from an epicontinental basin (Triassic Germany) / vorgelegt von Sascha Braun

Sascha Braun

Informations

• Publié par: eberhard_karls_universitat_tubingen
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2004
• Nombre de lectures: 34
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 30 Mo

Extrait

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF CARBONATE SANDBODIES:
OUTCROP ANALOG STUDY
FROM AN EPICONTINENTAL BASIN
(TRIASSIC GERMANY)



Dissertation
zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften






der Geowissenschaftlichen Fakultät
der Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen














vorgelegt von
Sascha Braun
aus Ostfildern / Ruit

2003
































Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 17. November 2003

Dekan: Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Muharrem Satir
1. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Thomas Aigner
2. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Hans-Peter Luterbacher Contents

I List of figures, plates, enclosures
II Summary / Kurzfassung

1. Introduction & objectives 1

1.1. Aims of the study 1
1.2.Geologic and stratigraphic setting 2
1.2.1 Introduction 2
1.2.2 Facies of the Upper Muschelkalk in the study area 2
1.2.3 Tectonics 5
1.2.4 Upper Muschelkalk stratigraphy 7
1.2.5 Study are 7

2. Methods + Data 10

2.1 Sedimentological logging 10
2.2 1-D Sequence-stratigraphic analysis 11
2.3 2-D Sequence-stratigraphic correlation 13
2.4 Petrophysical analysis 14
2.4.1 Field methods 14
2.4.2 Laboratory methods 14

3. Facies and Petrophysical Analysis 16

3.1 Lithofacies analysis 10
3.2 Facies associations 20
3.3 Depositional environment and lateral facies succession 23
3.4 Basic diagenetic analysis 26
3.5 Petrophysical analysis 31 3.5.1 Pores-types 31
3.5.2 Rock-fabric types 35
3.5.3 Porosity-permeability relationship 37

4. 1-D High-resolution sequence stratigraphy 44

4.1 Fundamental transgressive / regressive cycles 44
4.2 Cycle hierarchy 50
4.3 Cycle stacking pattern & cycle symmetries 50

5. 2-D Sequence Stratigraphic Correlation 52

6. Mapping of Facies and Reservoir Properties 63

6.1 Mapping strategy 63
6.2 Facies maps 63
6.2.1 Shoal lithofacies distribution (at cycles peak regression) 64
6.2.2 Cumulative thickness distribution of shoal facies 64
6.3 Por-perm aps 68
6.3.1 Permeability distribution (at cycles peak regression) 70
6.3.2 Max. permeability & max. porosity distribution 70

7. Implications for Reservoir Characterisation: Geometry of
Sedimentary Bodies, Facies Prediction and Poro-Perm Distribution 75

7.1 Geometry of sedimentary bodies 75
7.2 Facies distribution & reservoir quality 76
7.3 Controlling factors 79
7.3.1 Cyclicity 79
7.3.2 Paleotectonics 79
7.3.3 Paleocurrents 82
8. Summary of Results 84

9. Acknowledgements 87

10. References 89

III Appendix I List of figures, plates, enclosures
Ia List of Figures

Fig. 1 General geological setting of the Upper Muschelkalk.
Fig. 2 Paleogeography of the Upper Muschelkalk in Central Europe.
Fig. 3 Map of Variscan paleotectonic zones.
Fig. 4 Tectonic map of the study area.
Fig. 5 Stratigraphy of the Upper Muschelkalk in Southern Germany.
Fig. 6 Map of the study area.
Fig. 7 Sedimentological logging and petrophysical analysis in quarry Sommerhausen.
Fig. 8 Flow diagram for lithofacies analysis
Fig. 9 Depositional environment and lateral facies succession.
Fig.10 Diagenetic sequence.
Fig.11 Poro-perm relationship of different pores.
Fig.12 Workflow for petrophysical rock-fabric type classification.
Fig.13 Poro-perm crossplot for different rock-fabric types.
Fig.14 Poro-perm crossplot for different Dunham textures.
Fig.15 Poro-perm crossplot for various grainsizes.
Fig.16 Poro-perm crossplot for different grades of sorting.
Fig.17 Relationship of particle form-, size- and orientation to k(v)/k(h).
Fig.18 Fundamental cycle type 1: Idealized oolite-dominated cycle.
Fig.19 Fundamental cycle type 2: Idealized shell-dominated cycle.
Fig.20 Fundamental cycle type 3: Idealized bioclastic-debris-dominated cycle.
Fig.21 Cycle stacking pattern and cycle symmetries.
Fig.22 Panel 1: N-S Correlation cross section & stratigraphic architecture of geobodies.
Fig.23 Panel 2: Southern W-E cross section & stratigraphic architecture of geobodies.
Fig.24 Panel 3: Southern landward W-E cross section & stratigraphic architecture of geobodies.
Fig.25 Panel 4: Middle NW-SE cross section & stratigraphic architecture of geobodies.
Fig.26 Panel 5: Northern NWsection & stratigraphic architecture of geobodies.
Fig.27 Distribution map of shoal facies per cycle (at fundamental cycles peak regression).
Fig.28 Isopach map of cumulative thickness of shoal facies association per cycle.
Fig.29 A: Permeability distribution for cycles 5 & 6 (at fundamental cycles peak regression). I List of figures, plates, enclosures
Fig.29 B: Permeability distribution for cycles 7 & 8 (at fundamental cycles peak regression).
Fig.30 Maximum porosity distribution per cycle (shoal facies only).
Fig.31 Maximum permeability distribution per cycle (shoal facies only).
Fig.32 Length / thickness ratios of shoal bodies and porous (reservoir) portion of shoal.
Fig.33 Stratigraphic architecture of shoal reservoir bodies.
Fig.34 The Muschelkalk & Lower Keuper isopachs and the resulted shoal facies distribution.
Fig.35 Distribution of shoal reservoir bodies in this study & their relation to small-scale
paleotectonic elements.
Fig.36 Paleocurrent map (measured on trough cross-bedded carbonate sanddunes).
Fig.37 PhD-study-summary: Quantitative analysis of carbonate sandbodies.

Ib List of Plates

Plates 1 - 3: Photodocumentation - Sedimentary structures
Plates 4 - 5: Photodocumentation - Diagenetic analysis

Atlas of lithofacies types and their petrophysical properties:
Plate 6: LFT 1a/1b “nodular / massive mudstone”.
Plate 7: LFT 2a/2b “laminated & scoured mud- to wackestone”.
Plate 8: LFT 3 “oncolitic wackestone”.
Plate 9: LFT 4 “bioturbated bioclastic wacke- to packstone”.
Plate 10: LFT 5a/5b “oncolitic packstone / black-pebble packstone”.
Plate 11: LFT 6 “laminated skeletal-ooidal packstone”.
Plate 12: LFT 7a “poorly sorted bioclastic packstone”.
Plate 13: LFT 7b “laminated bioclastic wacke- to packstone”.
Plate 14: LFT 8 “graded bioclastic packstone sheets”.
Plate 15: LFT 9a “cross-bedded oolitic grainstone”.
Plate 16: LFT 9b “laminated fine debris pack- to grainstone”.
Plate 17: LFT 10 “shell hash pack- to grainstone”.
Plate 18: LFT 11 “poorly sorted bioclastic pack- to grainstone”.
Plate 19: LFT 12 “oncolitic pack- to grainstone”. I List of figures, plates, enclosures
Plate 20: LFT 13a “ooidal-skeletal pack- to grainstone”.
Plate 21: LFT 13b “cross-bedded ooidal-skeletal pack- to grainstone”.
Plate 22: LFT 14 “Placunopsis boundstone”.
Plate 23: LFT 15 “fine laminated dolo-boundstone”.

Ic List of Enclosures

E 1 Log Weckelweiler (Q 1)
E 2 Log Brettenfeld (Q 2)
E 3 Log Gammesfeld (Q 3)
E 4 Log Schmalfelden (Q4)
E 5 Log Bettenfeld (Q 5)
E 6 Log Haltenmühle (Q 6)
E 7 Log Dürrenhof (Q 7)
E 8 Log Gattenhofen (Q 8)
E 9 Log Core Oesfeld (C 1)
E 10 Log Bernsfelden (Q 9)
E 11 Log Stalldorf (Q 10)
E 12 Log Lenzenbrunn (Q 11)
E 13 Log Core Röttingen (C 2)
E 14 Log Frauental (Q 12)
E 15 Log Buch (Q 13)
E 16 Log Aub (Q 14)
E 17 Log Kirchheim (Q 15)
E 18 Log Goßmannsdorf (Q 16)
E 19 Log Sommerhausen (Q 17)
E 20 Log Winterhausen (Q 18)
E 21 Log Frickenhausen (Q 19)
E.22 Photodocumentation geobody continuity
E 23 Table A & B Evaluation of facies and reservoir characteristics of cross-section 4 , Fig. 25.
E 24 Poro-Perm data sheets of all poro-perm samples. II Abstract
II Abstract

Scope
This outcrop analog study aims to provide quantitative data concerning dimensions, spatial
distribution, internal structure and poro-perm characteristics of carbonate shoal bodies on a
carbonate ramp system. Shelly-oolitic carbonate bodies of the SW-German Upper
Muschelkalk represent excellent outcrop analogs for hydrocarbon reservoirs in epeiric
carbonate systems of the Middle East (e.g. Khuff, Hanifa, Arab).

Methods & data
Sampling of a few thousand polished slabs and detailed sedimentological logging in 21
outcrops plus outcrop gamma-ray measurements constitute the data basis for facies & genetic
stratigraphic analysis. The reservoir quality of carbonate shoal bodies was quantified by more
than 650 poro-perm samples. Thin section investigations analyzed diagenetic effects on Φ / k
using cathodoluminescence microscopy. Regional high resolution sequence stratigraphic
corr