Energy Efficient Cities

Ranjan K. Bose

Description

Urban areas account for two-thirds of global energy requirements while housing approxi mately half of the world's population. With current projections indicating that 70 percent of the world's population will live in cities by 2050, an increase in urban energy use is inevitable. In the face of this growing energy demand, developing climate-friendly urban energy solutions, while protecting the urban development that is crucial to socioeconomic progress in developing countries, is imperative. In an effort to catalyze solutions that would delink high levels of carbon-intensive energy use from urban growth, the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) of the World Bank launched the Energy Efficient Cities Initiative in October 2008. 'Energy Efficient Cities: Assessment Tools and Benchmarking Practices' is a product of that initiative.
The analytical tools and policy insights offered in this volume extend from integrated assessments of new cities to the impacts of socioeconomic, climate, and demographic changes on existing cities. In addition, the documentation and benchmarking of a variety of low-carbon and carbon-neutral good practices provide a range of practical insights on plausible energy effi cient interventions in urban sectors. This book will be of particular interest to policy makers, development practitioners, and decision makers in the private sector, as well as researchers within nongovernmental organizations and the academic community.

Informations

• Publié par: world-bank-publications
• Publié le: 29 avril 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 38
• EAN13: 9780821383094
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 7 Mo

Extrait

ENERGY EFFICIENT CITIES
Assessment Tools and
Benchmarking Practices
Edited by
Ranjan K. BoseEnergy Efficient CitiesEnergy Efficient Cities
Assessment Tools and Benchmarking Practices
Edited by
Ranjan K. Bose© 2010 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
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All rights reserved
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This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Devel-
opment / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this
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ISBN: 978-0-8213-8104-5
eISBN: 978-0-8213-8309-4
DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8104-5
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Urban Research Symposium (5th : 2009 : Marseille, France)
Energy efficient cities : assessment tools and benchmarking practices / edited by Ranjan K.
Bose.
p. cm.
Papers presented during the Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme’s sessions
at the 5th Urban Research Symposium held in Marseille, France from June 28–30, 2009.
ISBN 978-0-8213-8104-5 — ISBN 978-0-8213-8309-4 (electronic)
1. Cities and towns—Energy consumption—Congresses. 2. Energy policy—Congresses.
3. City planning—Congresses. 4. Urban policy—Congresses. I. Bose, Ranjan K. II. Energy
Sector Management Assistance Programme. III. World Bank. IV. Title.
HD9502.A2U74 2009
333.79'16091732—dc22
2009053125
Cover photo by Yuri Kozyrev/World Bank.
Cover design by Edelman Design Communications.Contents
Foreword xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Abbreviations xv
1 The Imperative of Efficient Energy Use in Cities: Analytical
Approaches and Good Practices 1
Sangeeta Nandi and Ranjan K. Bose
2 SynCity: An Integrated Tool Kit for Urban Energy Systems Modeling 21
James Keirstead, Nouri Samsatli, and Nilay Shah
3 City-Scale Integrated Assessment of Climate Impacts, Adaptation,
and Mitigation 43
Jim W. Hall, Richard J. Dawson, Stuart L. Barr, Michael Batty,
Abigail L. Bristow, Sebastian Carney, Athanasios Dagoumas,
Alistair C. Ford, Colin Harpham, Miles R. Tight, Claire L.
Walsh, Helen Watters, and Alberto M. Zanni
4 Using an Integrated Assessment Model for Urban Development
to Respond to Climate Change in Cities 65
Spike Boydell, Damien Giurco, Peter Rickwood, Garry Glazebrook,
Michelle Zeibots, and Stuart White
5 Green Star and NABERS: Learning from the Australian Experience
with Green Building Rating Tools 93
Lily M. Mitchell
vvi CONTENTS
6 Efficient Lighting Market Transformation in the Making—
The Philippine Experience 131
Noel N. Verdote
7 The Role of Information and Communication Technologies
for Demand Responsive Transport 147
Robert Clavel, Elodie Castex, and Didier Josselin
8 Getting to Carbon Neutral: A Review of Best Practices in
Infrastructure Strategy 165
Christopher Kennedy, David Bristow, Sybil Derrible, Eugene Mohareb,
Sheyda Saneinejad, Robert Stupka, Lorraine Sugar, Ryan Zizzo,
and Bernard McIntyre
9 Supporting Energy Efficient Solutions in Developing Countries:
The Way Ahead 185
Ranjan K. Bose and Sangeeta Nandi
Index 193
Appendix 205
Boxes
1.1 Urbanization and Human Development Attainments:
A Positive Association 5
1.2 Urban Energy Use and Associated GHG Emissions 7
1.3 Masdar: A Planned Oil-Free Eco-City in Abu Dhabi,
an Oil-Rich Sheikhdom 8
1.4 Benefits of Energy Efficiency Improvement in City Sectors:
Case Studies 13
2.1 Pseudo-code of a Typical SynCity Model 26
8.1 PS10 Solar Central Receiver Station, Seville, Spain 175
8.2 Congestion Charging, London, United Kingdom 176
8.3 CHP from Solid Waste, Gothenburg, Sweden 176
8.4 Source Separation and Energy Recovery, Sydney, Australia 177
8.5 Calgary C-Train, Alberta, Canada—Ride the Wind! 177
9.1 The Rapid Assessment Framework: A Practical Tool for
Instituting Urban Energy Efficiency 188
Figures
1.1 Regional Urbanization Trends Worldwide 2
B1.1a World Urban Population Share and HDI Value, 2005 5
B1.1b We and GDP per Capita, 2005 6CONTENTS vii
1.2 Share of Different Sectors in Anthropogenic GHG Emissions
Worldwide, 2004 7
1.3 Annual Growth Rate of Worldwide Urban Population 16
2.1 Overview of the SynCity Tool Kit 24
2.2 Layout of the Eco-Town as Planned 30
2.3 Cost-Optimized Eco-Town Layout (unconstrained) 31
2.4oyout (with additional
planning constraints) 32
2.5 Distribution Networks and Conversion Technologies for
Gas and Electricity 35
2.6 Distribution Netwversion Technologies for Gas,
Electricity, and District Heat 36
3.1 Overview of the Integrated Assessment Methodology for
Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Climate Impacts Analysis at
a City Scale 47
3.2 Zones of Development in London and the Thames Gateway 49
3.3 Employment Projections for London, Comparing Outputs
from the MDM Model (labeled “Tyndall”) and Figures Used
by the GLA 51
3.4 Example of Generalized Travel Costs by Car (in minutes)
from Heathrow Ward 53
3.5 Projected Population Change in 2100 at a Ward Scale
(high economic growth, unconstrained development) 54
3.6 Projected PWard Scale rowth, constrained development) 55
3.7 Two Scenarios of Future Residential Development in 2020 56
3.8 Daily Maximum Summer Temperature for London,
1961–90 and 2050 57
3.9 Population at Risk of Tidal Flooding in London for Different
Scenarios of Land Use Change 58
3.10 Projections of GHG Emissions for London Based on a Baseline
Economic Growth Scenario with No New Mitigation Policies 59
3.11 Screenshot from the User Interface of the Assessment Tool 61
4.1 Integrated Model Concept 73
4.2 Sydney in the Context of the Metropolitan Strategy 77
4.3 Sydney Exogenous Housing Inputs: New Dwellings per
Hectare, 2006–31 78
4.4 Sydney Household Income Deciles in 2001 and 2031 80
4.5 Sydney per Capita Income Deciles in 2031 81
4.6 Sydney Annual Dwelling-Related Energy Use by Zone in 2031 82
4.7 Sydney Annual Personal-Transport-Related Energy Use
by Zone in 2031 83
4.8 Sydney Annual Dwelling-Related Emissions per Person
b 84viii CONTENTS
4.9 Sydney Annual Personal-Transport-Related Emissions per
Person by Zone in 2031 85
4.10 Sydney Annual Emissions per Person by Zone in 2031 86
5.1 Breakdown of Green Star Ratings by Type, August 2009 102
5.2 Breakdoy Project Location, August 2009 103
5.3 Breakdown of Gry Star Rating, January 2009 103
5.4 Percentage of Total Net Lettable Area Rated with NABERS Energy,
by State/Territory, June 2009 109
5.5 Breakdown of Current NABERS Energy—Office Ratings by
Star Rating, August 2009 110
6.1 PELMATP Strategies and Components 135
6.2 Market Structure with PELMATP 137
7.1 Number of New DRT Services Created in France Each Year,
1969–2004 149
7.2 DRT Types and Locations in France, 2007 150
7.3 Prevalence of DRT Service Types in France, 2007 151
7.4 The Eight Components of DRT Flexibility 154
7.5 DRT System Architecture 156
7.6 Trip Optimization Using GaleopSys Software (TADOU) 158
7.7 Principles of DRT TAD 106 in Toulouse 159
7.8 Technological Perspectives for DRT TAD 106 in Toulouse 160
8.1 Locations of Case Studies for the Getting to Carbon
Neutral Project 173
8.2 Log–Log Plot of Annual GHG Savings vs. Capital Costs for
Infrastructure Case Studies in G2CN Project 174
8.3 Log–Log Plot of Annual GHG Savings vs.
Infrastructure Projects Funded Under the Federation of Canadian
Municipalities’ Green Municipal Fund 179
8.4 Log–Log Plot of Annual GHG Savings vs. Capital Costs for a
Subset of United Nations Clean Development Mechanism
Infrastructure Projects 180
Tables
1.1 World Population Density Levels, 2005 6
2.1 Comparison of Layout Model Scenarios 32
2.2ison of SynCity Agent-Activity Model