Managing Urban Expansion in Mongolia

James Reichert

Description

The sustainable development of "ger" areas in Ulaanbaatar, the capital of Mongolia, is one of the critical development issues facing the country. The ger areas host 60% of the population of Ulaanbaatar, and they have expanded 35 times larger than the original center of the city. Provision of basic services (e.g. heating and water supply) is very limited or non-existent in ger areas. The lack of basic public services resulted in air and water pollution as well as serious health risks to residents.
The government tries to control expansion of the city, particularly ger areas, but its policy practices have been inconsistent. These inconsistent actions are, in part, a result of limited awareness and understanding by the general public, as well as by the policy makers, of the public costs of their actions. There is high susceptibility to ad-hoc behaviors that place premiums on short-term private gains over long-term value-creation in public goods. Many supporting mechanisms, including land valuation and taxation, have not yet been developed to create incentives for long-term value creation.
Mongolia: Enhancing Policies and Practices for Ger Area Development in Ulaanbaatar aims at helping policy makers and citizens of Ulaanbaatar to improve their understanding of the consequences of their choices of policies and practices. Specifically, it intends to provide clear cost and benefit implications of three different development paths (central, mid-tier, and fringe gers) for seven sectors (land and housing, water supply, roads and public transport, heating, electricity, solid waste, and social services). The report is a best practice in urban planning exercise which provides useful information that can apply for other big cities.

Informations

• Publié par: world-bank-publications
• Publié le: 03 mai 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 16
• EAN13: 9780821383155
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 2 Mo

Extrait

Managing Urban
Expansion in Mongolia
Takuya KamataBest Practices
James Reichert
in Scenario-Based Tumentsogt Tsevegmid
Yoonhee KimUrban Planning
Brett Sedgewick
THE WORLD BANKMANAGING URBAN
EXPANSION IN MONGOLIAManaging Urban
Expansion in Mongolia
Best Practices in Scenario-Based
Urban Planning
Takuya Kamata
James Reichert
Tumentsogt Tsevegmid
Yoonhee Kim
Brett Sedgewick
THE WORLD BANK
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ISBN: 978-0-8213-8314-8
eISBN: 978-0-8213-8315-5
DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8314-8
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Managing urban expansion in Mongolia : best practices in scenario-based urban planning / Takuya
Kamata ... [et al.].
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8213-8314-8 -- ISBN 978-0-8213-8315-5 (electronic)
1. City planning--Mongolia--Ulaanbaatar. I. Kamata, Takuya. II. World Bank.
HT169.M652M455 2010
307.1'216095173--dc22
2010013121
Cover photos: Takuya Kamata/World Bank (center); Michael Foley, former World Bank staff/consul-
tant and photographer
Cover design: The Word Express, Inc.Contents
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .viii
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Currency, Abbreviations, and Defi nitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Policy Directions and Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xx
Implications for Planning and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi
CHAPTER 1. Introduction: Background, Scope, and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Scope and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
CHAPTER 2. Development Context: Governmental, Socioeconomic,
and Local Profi le . . . .5
Government and Administrative Structure in Ger Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Socioeconomic Profi le of Ger Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Current Status and Development Assumptions of Three Ger Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
CHAPTER 3. Land and Housing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Legal, Institutional, and Policy Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
General Household Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Land and Housing in Ger Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
Implications of Ger Area Housing Development Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
CHAPTER 4. Water Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
Status of Current Water Supply in Ger Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
City Center Ger (Naran), 11th Khoroo, Bayangol District . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
Midtier Ger (Bayankhoshuu), 8th Khoroo, Songino Khairkhan District . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
Fringe Ger (Sharhad), 9th Khoroo, Bayanzürkh District . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
CHAPTER 5. Municipal Roads and Public Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Current Status of Roads in City Center, Midtier, and Fringe Gers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Current Status of Public Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
Options and Challenges for Service Improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36VI MANAGING URBAN EXPANSION IN MONGOLIA: BEST PRACTICES IN SCENARIO-BASED URBAN PLANNING
CHAPTER 6. Solid Waste Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
Overview of Current Solid Waste Management in Ger Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
Options for Service Improvements for Solid Waste Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
Financial and Economic Implications for Improved Solid Waste Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
CHAPTER 7. Heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
Current Status of Heating in Ger Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
Options for Service Improvements and Financial Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62
CHAPTER 8. Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
Overview of Current Status of Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
Current Status of Electricity in Ger Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
Options for Service Improvements in Ger Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
CHAPTER 9. Education and Health Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
Current Status of Education and Health Service Provision in Ger Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
Options for Service Improvements and Financial Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
CHAPTER 10. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
Implications for Planning and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
ENDNOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
APPENDIXES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
A. Technical Note on the Analysis of the 2008 Household Socioeconomic Survey . . . . . . .91
B. City Center Ger Planning Illustrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92
C. Ulaanbaatar District Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94
D. Distribution and Distances of Water Kiosks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95
E. Plan of Water Supply Pilot Project in Dambadarjaa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99
INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .