Making a New World

Tutino John Tutino

Description

Making a New World is a major rethinking of the role of the Americas in early world trade, the rise of capitalism, and the conflicts that reconfigured global power around 1800. At its center is the Bajio, a fertile basin extending across the modern-day Mexican states of Guanajuato and Queretaro, northwest of Mexico City. The Bajio became part of a new world in the 1530s, when Mesoamerican Otomis and Franciscan friars built Queretaro, a town that quickly thrived on agriculture and trade. Settlement accelerated as regional silver mines began to flourish in the 1550s. Silver tied the Bajio to Europe and China; it stimulated the development of an unprecedented commercial, patriarchal, Catholic society. A frontier extended north across vast expanses settled by people of European, Amerindian, and African ancestry. As mining, cloth making, and irrigated cultivation increased, inequities deepened and religious debates escalated. Analyzing the political economy, social relations, and cultural conflicts that animated the Bajio and Spanish North America from 1500 to 1800, John Tutino depicts an engine of global capitalism and the tensions that would lead to its collapse into revolution in 1810.

Sujets

• Histoire
• América del Sur
• Economic history
• South America
• Latin America
• International trade
• History of the Americas

Informations

• Publié par: Duke University Press
• Date de parution: 01 août 2011
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9780822394013
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 3 Mo

Extrait

Making a New World

J Oh T u T I  O

MàkinG à New WorLD

FO u  d I  g C a p I Ta l I s m I  T h E B a J í O

a  d s p a  I s h  O RT h a m E R I C a

Duke University Press Durham and London011

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ÇontentS

lIsT OF maps ad IllusTRaTIOsix pROlOguE: MàkinG LobàL iStory in tHe ŚàniSH Éire1 Unimagined People Founding Capitalism 3 Globalizing the Origins of Capitalism 8 Rethinking the Spanish Empire 14 Conicts Enabling British Hegemony 17 A Problem Less Considered: Stabilizing Capitalism 19 The Bajío, Spanish North America, and Capitalism 22 a OTE O TERmIOlOgY

ïntroDUction: A New WorLD: He àjo, ŚàniSH NortH Aericà, ànD LobàL ÇàitàLiS 9 The Bajío and Spanish North America in the Americas 31 Founding Capitalism 36 Analytical Foundations: Life and Death, Power and Legitimacy 44 Globalization and Derived Power 50 Integrating Inequality: Axes of Power 53 In Search of History: Power Holders, Mediators, and Popular Participations 60

Pàrt ï MàkinG à New WorLD ThE BaJ íO ad spaIsh ORTh amERICa, 1500–10 

ÇHàter 1. oUnDinG tHe àjo: Ôto ÉxànSion, ÇHicHiecà Wàr, ànD ÇoerciàL QUerétàro, 1500–10 5 On the Frontier of Mesoamerica 67 Otomí Querétaro, 1520–1550 71

Silver and Chichimeca Wars 77 Chichimeca War and Nascent Capitalism: A View from San Miguel 86 Querétaro during Chichimeca Wars: One Report, Two Visions 91 Postwar Settlements: Mines, Missions, and Commercial Development 94 A Protean Labor Market, 1590–1610: Obligation, Ethnicity, and Patriarchy 102 Consolidating Querétaro, 1600–1640 112 New World Religion: Convent Capitalism, Sacramental Worship, and an Otomí Virgin 115 Spanish Assertions, 1640–1660 119 Founding Querétaro, the Bajío, and Spanish North America 120

ÇHàter . orGinG ŚàniSH NortH Aericà: NortHwàrD ÉxànSionS, MininG AàLGààtionS, ànD PàtriàrcHàL ÇoUnitieS, 1590–100 11 Northward Expansions 123 The North in the Bajío: Guanajuato and the Uplands 131 New Communities on the Bottomlands 140 An Entrepreneurial Patriarch—and Patriarchal Production 141 Patriarchal Communities on the Bottomlands 144 Ethnic Adaptations: Spaniards, Indios, and the De la Cruz 150 Asserting Dierence 154 Capitalist Consolidations and End-of-Century Challenges 156

ÇHàter . New WorLD evivàLS: ŚiLver oo, Çity iveS, AwàkeninGS, ànD NortHwàrD riveS, 10–10 159 Turn-of-the-Century Challenges 160 The Countryside in the Age of Revivals 164 Guanajuato: Silver Boom, Unruly Mulattoes, and Penitential Revivals 171 San Miguel: Industry, Awakenings, and Patriarchs at War 183 Querétaro: Spaniards, Otomí, and the Virgin at Pueblito 192 Driving North: Texas, the Sierra Gorda, and New Santander 209 A Commercial New World 224

ÇHàter . eforS, iotS, ànD ereSSionS: He àjo in tHe ÇriSiS of tHe 10S  Reform, Resistance, and Conciliation, 1760–1766 231 Escalating Conict, Jesuit Expulsion, and Alliance for Repression, 1767 237 Inquests, Repressions, and Reformed Reforms, 1767 248 North American Crises, Contrasting Consequences 256

viCOTETs

Pàrt ïï orGinG AtLàntic ÇàitàLiS ThE BaJ íO, 10–110 1

ÇHàter 5. ÇàitàLiSt, PrieSt, ànD PàtriàrcH: on oSé ŚáncHez ÉSinoSà ànD tHe reàt àiLy ÉnterriSeS of Mexico Çity, 10–110  A Biography of Power 265 Silver Magnates, Landed Clans, and Regime Oîcials 277 Great Families and Provincial Elites 285 Entrepreneurship: Don José Sánchez Espinosa in the Commercial Economy 288 Proït 293 Catholic Charity: Legitimating Power, Proït, and Patriarchy 296

ÇHàter . ProDUction, PàtriàrcHy, ànD PoLàrizàtion in tHe ÇitieS: UànàjUàto, Śàn MiGUeL, ànD QUerétàro, 10–110 00 Guanajuato: Patriarchs and Producers in the Silver City 302 The Bajío Economy in the Age of Silver and Free Trade 316 San Miguel: Monopoly Power and Economic Decline 320 Querétaro: Power and Prosperity in the Garden City 325 Querétaro: Production and Patriarchy in the Working City 332 Urban Capitalism 350

ÇHàter . He ÇHàLLenGe of ÇàitàLiS in UràL ÇoUnitieS: ProDUction, ÉtHnicity, ànD PàtriàrcHy fro à rieGà to PUerto De Nieto, 10–110 5 Agrarian Capitalism 354 The Collapse of Slavery at Puerto de Nieto 355 Patriarchy, Amalgamations, and Segregations in Estate Communities 359 Managerial Patriarchy 366 Patriarchy in a Divided Community: Production and Labor at La Griega 368 Conict in Divided Communities: Casas and La Griega 376 Proït, Patriarchy—and the Girls’ Revolt—at Puerto de Nieto 383 Beyond Puerto de Nieto: Seeking Republics at Santa Bárbara and Tequisquiapan 390 La Griega and Puerto de Nieto in the Crisis of 1808–1810 397

ÇHàter . ÉnLiGHteneD eforerS ànD PoULàr eLiGion: PoLàrizàtionS ànD MeDiàtionS, 10–110 0 Religious Reform and Popular Independence 405 Religious Contests and Mediations: The Bajío’s Mesoamerican Fringe 407 Rational Impulses and Popular Devotions 416

COTETs vii

Querétaro Triumphant: An Enlightened Oîcer’s Song to Our Lady at Pueblito 424 Guadalupe’s Priest and the Religious Politics of Social Control 433 The Corregidor, the Consolidation, and the Threat to Convent Capitalism 436 A Widow’s Vision and Legacy: Sacramental Worship and Social Reform 442 Cultural Polarization and Contending Mediations 447

ÇoncLUSion: He àjo ànD NortH Aericà in tHe AtLàntic ÇrUcibLe 51 Spanish North America after 1770: Consolidation and Expansion 456 The Last Frontier of Spanish North America: Sonora to California 466 The Bajío, Spanish North America, and Spanish Mesoamerica: New Spain after 1780 477 The Other North America: Struling to Create United States 482 The Bajío and New Spain in the Atlantic Crucible 485

ÉiLoGUe: owàrD ÛniàGineD evoLUtion 

AcknowLeDGentS 9

appEdIX a: Employers and Workers at Querétaro, 1588–1609 499 appEdIX B: Production, Patriarchy, and Ethnicity in the Bajío Bottomlands, 1670–1685 509 appEdIX C: Bajío Population, 1600–1800 529 appEdIX d: Eighteenth-Century Economic Indicators: Mining and Taxed Commerce 549 appEdIX E: The Sierra Gorda and New Santander, 1740–1760 559 appEdIX F: Population, Ethnicity, Family, and Work in Rural Communities, 1791–1792 573 appEdIX g: Tributes and Tributaries in the Querétaro District, 1807 609 OTEs1 BIBlIOgRaphY5 IdEX5

viiiCOTETs

MàS ànD ïLLUStràtionS

maps  1. He MeSoàericà-ÇHicHiecà rontier, cà. 1500 9  . He àjo in tHe ŚixteentH ÇentUry   . ŚàniSH NortH Aericà in tHe ŚeventeentH ÇentUry 1  . He àjo in tHe ŚeventeentH ÇentUry 1  5. He àjo in tHe ÉiGHteentH ÇentUry 1  . ŚàniSH NortH Aericà, cà. 10 10  . New ŚàntànDer, cà. 10 1  . ŚàniSH NortH Aericà, cà. 100 5  9. ŚàniSH ÇàLifornià, cà. 100 1

IllusTRaTIOs  1. ÉL Çerrito, oUtSiDe PUebLito, eàSt of QUerétàro   . rànciScàn cHUrcH ànD convent, QUerétàro, SixteentH to eiGHteentH centUrieS 9  . Śàntà ÇLàrà Çonvent, QUerétàro, SeventeentH to eiGHteentH centUrieS 11  . Śàn Uàn De àyàS ine, UànàjUàto, SeventeentH centUry 1  5. Śàn Uàn De àyàS ine coLex, eiGHteentH centUry 1  . ÇànàL fàiLy ànSion, Śàn MiGUeL eL rànDe, eiGHteentH centUry 15  . Ôràtorio De Śàn eLie Neri, Śàn MiGUeL eL rànDe, eiGHteentH centUry 1  . AtotoniLco ŚànctUàry, nortH of Śàn MiGUeL eL rànDe, eiGHteentH centUry 1  9. ÇHriSt ÇrUciîeD, interior of AtotoniLco ŚànctUàry, nortH of Śàn MiGUeL, eiGHteentH centUry 1 10. QUerétàro àqUeDUct, eiGHteentH centUry 0 11. VàLenciànà ine coLex, UànàjUàto, eiGHteentH centUry 0