Making a New World is a major rethinking of the role of the Americas in early world trade, the rise of capitalism, and the conflicts that reconfigured global power around 1800. At its center is the Bajio, a fertile basin extending across the modern-day Mexican states of Guanajuato and Queretaro, northwest of Mexico City. The Bajio became part of a new world in the 1530s, when Mesoamerican Otomis and Franciscan friars built Queretaro, a town that quickly thrived on agriculture and trade. Settlement accelerated as regional silver mines began to flourish in the 1550s. Silver tied the Bajio to Europe and China; it stimulated the development of an unprecedented commercial, patriarchal, Catholic society. A frontier extended north across vast expanses settled by people of European, Amerindian, and African ancestry. As mining, cloth making, and irrigated cultivation increased, inequities deepened and religious debates escalated. Analyzing the political economy, social relations, and cultural conflicts that animated the Bajio and Spanish North America from 1500 to 1800, John Tutino depicts an engine of global capitalism and the tensions that would lead to its collapse into revolution in 1810.
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Making a New World
J Oh T u T I O
MàkinG à New WorLD
FO u d I g C a p I Ta l I s m I T h E B a J í O
Uke ÛniverSity PreSS GràtefULLy àcknowLeDGeS tHe SUort of eorGetown ÛniverSity, wHicH roviDeD fUnDS towàrD tHe roDUction of tHiS book.
ibràry of ÇonGreSS ÇàtàLoGinG-in-PUbLicàtion àtà àeàr on tHe LàSt rinteD àGe of tHiS book.
ÇontentS
lIsT OF maps ad IllusTRaTIOsix pROlOguE: MàkinG LobàL iStory in tHe ŚàniSH Éire1 Unimagined People Founding Capitalism3 Globalizing the Origins of Capitalism8 Rethinking the Spanish Empire14 Conicts Enabling British Hegemony17 A Problem Less Considered: Stabilizing Capitalism19 The Bajío, Spanish North America, and Capitalism22 a OTE O TERmIOlOgY
ïntroDUction: A New WorLD: He àjo, ŚàniSH NortH Aericà, ànD LobàL ÇàitàLiS 9 The Bajío and Spanish North America in the Americas31 Founding Capitalism36 Analytical Foundations: Life and Death, Power and Legitimacy44 Globalization and Derived Power50 Integrating Inequality: Axes of Power53 In Search of History: Power Holders, Mediators, and Popular Participations60
Pàrt ï MàkinG à New WorLD ThE BaJ íO ad spaIsh ORTh amERICa, 1500–10
ÇHàter 1. oUnDinG tHe àjo: Ôto ÉxànSion, ÇHicHiecà Wàr, ànD ÇoerciàL QUerétàro, 1500–10 5 On the Frontier of Mesoamerica67 Otomí Querétaro, 1520–155071
Silver and Chichimeca Wars77 Chichimeca War and Nascent Capitalism: A View from San Miguel86 Querétaro during Chichimeca Wars: One Report, Two Visions91 Postwar Settlements: Mines, Missions, and Commercial Development94 A Protean Labor Market, 1590–1610: Obligation, Ethnicity, and Patriarchy102 Consolidating Querétaro, 1600–1640112 New World Religion: Convent Capitalism, Sacramental Worship, and an Otomí Virgin115 Spanish Assertions, 1640–1660119 Founding Querétaro, the Bajío, and Spanish North America120
ÇHàter . orGinG ŚàniSH NortH Aericà: NortHwàrD ÉxànSionS, MininG AàLGààtionS, ànD PàtriàrcHàL ÇoUnitieS, 1590–100 11 Northward Expansions123 The North in the Bajío: Guanajuato and the Uplands131 New Communities on the Bottomlands140 An Entrepreneurial Patriarch—and Patriarchal Production141 Patriarchal Communities on the Bottomlands144 Ethnic Adaptations: Spaniards, Indios, and the De la Cruz150 Asserting Dierence154 Capitalist Consolidations and End-of-Century Challenges156
ÇHàter . New WorLD evivàLS: ŚiLver oo, Çity iveS, AwàkeninGS, ànD NortHwàrD riveS, 10–10 159 Turn-of-the-Century Challenges160 The Countryside in the Age of Revivals164 Guanajuato: Silver Boom, Unruly Mulattoes, and Penitential Revivals171 San Miguel: Industry, Awakenings, and Patriarchs at War183 Querétaro: Spaniards, Otomí, and the Virgin at Pueblito192 Driving North: Texas, the Sierra Gorda, and New Santander209 A Commercial New World224
ÇHàter . eforS, iotS, ànD ereSSionS: He àjo in tHe ÇriSiS of tHe 10S Reform, Resistance, and Conciliation, 1760–1766231 Escalating Conict, Jesuit Expulsion, and Alliance for Repression, 1767237 Inquests, Repressions, and Reformed Reforms, 1767248 North American Crises, Contrasting Consequences256
viCOTETs
Pàrt ïï orGinG AtLàntic ÇàitàLiS ThE BaJ íO, 10–110 1
ÇHàter 5. ÇàitàLiSt, PrieSt, ànD PàtriàrcH: on oSé ŚáncHez ÉSinoSà ànD tHe reàt àiLy ÉnterriSeS of Mexico Çity, 10–110 A Biography of Power265 Silver Magnates, Landed Clans, and Regime Oîcials277 Great Families and Provincial Elites285 Entrepreneurship: Don José Sánchez Espinosa in the Commercial Economy288 Proït293 Catholic Charity: Legitimating Power, Proït, and Patriarchy296
ÇHàter . ProDUction, PàtriàrcHy, ànD PoLàrizàtion in tHe ÇitieS: UànàjUàto, Śàn MiGUeL, ànD QUerétàro, 10–110 00 Guanajuato: Patriarchs and Producers in the Silver City302 The Bajío Economy in the Age of Silver and Free Trade316 San Miguel: Monopoly Power and Economic Decline320 Querétaro: Power and Prosperity in the Garden City325 Querétaro: Production and Patriarchy in the Working City332 Urban Capitalism350
ÇHàter . He ÇHàLLenGe of ÇàitàLiS in UràL ÇoUnitieS: ProDUction, ÉtHnicity, ànD PàtriàrcHy fro à rieGà to PUerto De Nieto, 10–110 5 Agrarian Capitalism354 The Collapse of Slavery at Puerto de Nieto355 Patriarchy, Amalgamations, and Segregations in Estate Communities359 Managerial Patriarchy366 Patriarchy in a Divided Community: Production and Labor at La Griega368 Conict in Divided Communities: Casas and La Griega376 Proït, Patriarchy—and the Girls’ Revolt—at Puerto de Nieto383 Beyond Puerto de Nieto: Seeking Republics at Santa Bárbara and Tequisquiapan390 La Griega and Puerto de Nieto in the Crisis of 1808–1810397
ÇHàter . ÉnLiGHteneD eforerS ànD PoULàr eLiGion: PoLàrizàtionS ànD MeDiàtionS, 10–110 0 Religious Reform and Popular Independence405 Religious Contests and Mediations: The Bajío’s Mesoamerican Fringe407 Rational Impulses and Popular Devotions416
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Querétaro Triumphant: An Enlightened Oîcer’s Song to Our Lady at Pueblito424 Guadalupe’s Priest and the Religious Politics of Social Control433 The Corregidor, the Consolidation, and the Threat to Convent Capitalism436 A Widow’s Vision and Legacy: Sacramental Worship and Social Reform442 Cultural Polarization and Contending Mediations447
ÇoncLUSion: He àjo ànD NortH Aericà in tHe AtLàntic ÇrUcibLe 51 Spanish North America after 1770: Consolidation and Expansion456 The Last Frontier of Spanish North America: Sonora to California466 The Bajío, Spanish North America, and Spanish Mesoamerica: New Spain after 1780477 The Other North America: Struling to Create United States482 The Bajío and New Spain in the Atlantic Crucible485
ÉiLoGUe: owàrD ÛniàGineD evoLUtion
AcknowLeDGentS 9
appEdIX a:Employers and Workers at Querétaro, 1588–1609499 appEdIX B:Production, Patriarchy, and Ethnicity in the Bajío Bottomlands, 1670–1685509 appEdIX C:Bajío Population, 1600–1800529 appEdIX d:Eighteenth-Century Economic Indicators: Mining and Taxed Commerce549 appEdIX E:The Sierra Gorda and New Santander, 1740–1760559 appEdIX F:Population, Ethnicity, Family, and Work in Rural Communities, 1791–1792573 appEdIX g:Tributes and Tributaries in the Querétaro District, 1807609 OTEs1 BIBlIOgRaphY5 IdEX5
viiiCOTETs
MàS ànD ïLLUStràtionS
maps 1. He MeSoàericà-ÇHicHiecà rontier, cà. 1500 9 . He àjo in tHe ŚixteentH ÇentUry . ŚàniSH NortH Aericà in tHe ŚeventeentH ÇentUry 1 . He àjo in tHe ŚeventeentH ÇentUry 1 5. He àjo in tHe ÉiGHteentH ÇentUry 1 . ŚàniSH NortH Aericà, cà. 10 10 . New ŚàntànDer, cà. 10 1 . ŚàniSH NortH Aericà, cà. 100 5 9. ŚàniSH ÇàLifornià, cà. 100 1
IllusTRaTIOs 1. ÉL Çerrito, oUtSiDe PUebLito, eàSt of QUerétàro . rànciScàn cHUrcH ànD convent, QUerétàro, SixteentH to eiGHteentH centUrieS 9 . Śàntà ÇLàrà Çonvent, QUerétàro, SeventeentH to eiGHteentH centUrieS 11 . Śàn Uàn De àyàS ine, UànàjUàto, SeventeentH centUry 1 5. Śàn Uàn De àyàS ine coLex, eiGHteentH centUry 1 . ÇànàL fàiLy ànSion, Śàn MiGUeL eL rànDe, eiGHteentH centUry 15 . Ôràtorio De Śàn eLie Neri, Śàn MiGUeL eL rànDe, eiGHteentH centUry 1 . AtotoniLco ŚànctUàry, nortH of Śàn MiGUeL eL rànDe, eiGHteentH centUry 1 9. ÇHriSt ÇrUciîeD, interior of AtotoniLco ŚànctUàry, nortH of Śàn MiGUeL, eiGHteentH centUry 1 10. QUerétàro àqUeDUct, eiGHteentH centUry 0 11. VàLenciànà ine coLex, UànàjUàto, eiGHteentH centUry 0