Six years of excavations in Tell F3 have uncovered several occupation phases belonging to the middle of the 2nd millennium BC, Failaka period 3B (c. 1600 BC). Though the material culture of Dilmun was heavily influenced by South Mesopotamia, this was a period where Dilmun regained its former importance after the economic and political collapse around 1700 BC, perhaps leading up to a final conquest by the Sealand Dynasty. The end stages of the development of Dilmun stamp seals are documented, e.g. the first find of a Style III Dilmun seal in a safe period 3B context. The renaissance in stamp seal Style III is paralleled in stone vessels decorated in the Failaka Figurative Style. Flemming Højlund: Former Head of Oriental Department at Moesgaard Museum, Denmark; directed excavations in Bahrain, Qatar and lately on Failaka Island in Kuwait (2008-2017); published numerous articles and monographs on Arabian Gulf archaeology; and organized exhibitions on the history and culture of the Gulf at Moesgaard Museum, at the Bahrain National Museum and in Abu Dhabi. Anna Hilton: Educated at the Carsten Niebuhr Institute of University of Copenhagen and excavated extensively in the Near East, lately (2014-2019) as Field Director on Failaka. Published a monograph on the stone vessels found during the Danish excavations 1958-1963 at Tell F3 and F6 on Failaka, Kuwait.
Informations légales : prix de location à la page 0,1350€. Cette information est donnée uniquement à titre indicatif conformément à la législation en vigueur.
Extrait
Tell F3 on Failaka Island KuwaitiDanish Excavations 20122017
by Flemming Højlund & Anna Hilton
Tell F3 on Failaka Island
1
2
Tell F3 on Failaka Island Kuwaiti-Danish Excavations 2012-2017
by Flemming Højlund & Anna Hilton
with contributions by Ann Andersson, Jesper Eidem, Karol Juchniewicz, Steffen T. Laursen, Holly Pittman and Helle Strehle
Jutland Archaeological Society Moesgaard Museum, Denmark National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters, Kuwait
3
Tell F3 on Failaka Island Kuwaiti-Danish Excavations 2012-2017
Jutland Archaeological Society Publications vol. 116
Edition:Femmîng Højund Design:Jens Nygaard
Cover:Louîse Hîmar
Drawings:Ann Andersson, Héène Davîd-Cuny, Anna Hîton, Femmîng Højund,
Guenever Bjerre Thaarup, Phîne Wîborg Photos:Hamîd A-Mutaîrî, Jonatan Rose Andersen, Ann Andersson, Héène Davîd-Cuny,Anna Hîton, Hîary MacDonad, Rune Sorîa, Hee Strehe, Phîne Wîborg, Lîsa YeomansDigitizing plans and sections:Jonatan Rose Andersen, Anna Hîton, Sîmon Harrîtz English revision:Sharon E. Rhodes
Printed by:Assrîya Prîntîng Press
Published by the Kuwait National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters in cooperation with Jutland Archaeological Society and Moesgaard Museum
Distributed by Aarhus University Press (www.unipress.dk)
4
4.2.Dîmun and other stamp seasby F. Højund .......................................................................................................
4.6.Beadsby A. Andersson .....................................................................................................................................................
4.9.Other indsby F. Højund ..............................................................................................................................................
1. Introductîonby F. Højlund..........................................................................................................................................................
3.Trenches BE-CD, Perîods , B and A, stratîgraphy and archîtecture ....................................... by A. Hîton and F. Højund
4.3.Mesopotamîan cyînder seasby H. Pîttman ........................................................................................................
Appendîx . Survey for burîasby K. Juchnîewîcz & F. Højund..............................................................................
7.Summary and concusîonsby F. Højund ..................................................................................................................
4.7.Hard stone.................................................................................................................................................by A. Hîton
Appendîx . At the foot of Te F.........................................................................by K. Juchnîewîcz & F. Højund
5.Correatîon wîth the tempe courtyardby F. Højund .....................................................................................
5
4.Trenches BE-CD, inds and datîng............................................................................................................................
4.4.Cuneîform înscrîbed tabetby J. Eîdem ................................................................................................................
4.5.Soft stone vesses...................................................................................................................................by A. Hîton
2.1.Trench BD, stratîgraphy and archîtecture.........................................................................................................
2.2.Trench BC, stratîgraphy and archîtecture.........................................................................................................
2. Trenches BD and BC, Perîod Aby A. Hîton, A. Andersson & F. Højund .........................................................
2.3.Fînds and datîng.............................................................................................................................................................
3.6.Phase , Perîod A and post-A.............................................................................................................................
4.1.Potteryby F. Højund .........................................................................................................................................................
Appendîx . Hook and îneby H. Strehe .......................................................................................................................
4.8.Copperby F. Højund .......................................................................................................................................................
2013 2017
2012
N
5m
1958 1963
Fig. 1.Aerîa photo of Te F wîth Sheîkh Ahmad’s House and îmmedîatey to the south of thîs the buîdîngs uncovered durîng the - excavatîons and the reied trench excavated în . To the east are the prîvate houses and the tempe courtyard uncovered în - and restored în the s ().
6
1.Introduction
by Femmîng Højund
Durîng the2008-2012 Kuwaîtî-Danîsh excavatîons în Te F6 on the îsand of Faîaka, specîa emphasîs was paced on retrîevîng carbon sampes în order to pro-duce a radîocarbon-based revîsîon of the reatîve chro-noogy of Faîaka’s Bronze Age settements (Højund & Abu-Laban 2016 ig. 5). The programme was successfu wîth respect to the Ur III settement (Te F6-Phase 1, c. 2100 BC) and the maîn perîod of the Dîmun cîvîîza-tîon on Faîaka, Faîaka Perîods 1-2 (Te F6-Phases 2-5), coverîng the perîod from c. 1900-1700 BC; to a certaîn extent ît was aso successfu wîth respect to Faîaka Perîods 3B and 4A (Te F6-Phases 6-7), c. 1600-1100 BC (Heînemeîer & Højund 2016 igs. 1157-1158). Unfortunatey, no remaîns from Faîaka Perîod 3A were procured from Te F6 durîng the 2008-2012 cam-paîgns. Accordîngy, în 2012 we decîded to make a sma excavatîon în Te F3 (igs. 1-3)—în an area where a row of houses datîng to Perîod 3A was expected to contînue—în order to coect charcoa sampes for radîocarbon datîng. It was noted that, în thîs area, the ayers coverîng the Perîod 3A deposîts contaîned a good dea of Perîod 3B pottery. These rubbîsh ayers soped down the te from the north în such a way as to ead us to beîeve that a reguar settement beongîng to thîs perîod was to be found to the north. The 1958-1963 excavatîons în Te F3 reveaed a tem-pe courtyard datîng to Perîod 3B, but no ordînary housîng from thîs perîod was found. As thîs perîod încreasîngy appeared to be one of extraordînary înterest în a wîder Guf-Mesopotamîa settîng (Hîton 2014. Højund & Abu-Laban 2016. Laursen 2017), ît was agreed, în cooperatîon wîth the Antîquîtîes Authorîtîes în Kuwaît, to contînueThe Kuwaîtî-Danîsh Archaeoog-îca Mîssîon to Faîakaand to dîrect a new programme of excavatîon to the part of Te F3 în whîch a Perîod 3B occupatîon was antîcîpated. Durîng ive excavatîon campaîgns, 2013-2017, an 2 approxîmatey 100 m area în Te F3, îmmedîatey south of Sheîkh Ahmad’s House (ig. 1), was excavated, reveaîng three phases of occupatîon datîng to Perîod 3B and addîng sîgnîicant, new evîdence from thîs perîod (ig. 50).
We are gratefu for the generous support, inancîa and otherwîse, we receîved from the Secretary Generas of theKuwaît Natîona Councî for Cuture, Arts and Let-ters, Mr Aî Hussaîn A-Youha and hîs successor Mr Kame A-Abdu Jaî, Assîstant Secretary Genera, Mr Shehab A.H. Shehab and Dîrector of Museums and Antîquîtîes, Dr Sutan Duîsh. The irst exporatory excavatîon în Te F3 în the th th 2012 seasonasted from October 18 to November 15 . It was carrîed out by Anna Hîton and Ann Anders-son, assîsted by sîx Egyptîan abourers (Højund & Abu-Laban 2013). It took pace at the same tîme as the ast excavatîon season în Te F6 (Højund & Abu-La-ban 2016 p. 9). th The2013 seasonasted from October 13 to Decem-th ber 8 . The team consîsted of Hamîd A-Mutaîrî, Taa A-Sae’d, Mustafa A-Ansarî and Taro Redha from the Kuwaît Natîona Museum and Femmîng Højund (Head of Mîssîon), Karo Juchnîewîcz (Fîed Dîrector), Anna Hîton, Lîsa Yeomans, Ann Andersson, Phîne Wîborg, Jonatan Rose Andersen, Hee Strehe, and Sarah Cox from the Moesgaard Museum, as we as twenty Egyptîan abourers (Højund & Juchnîewîcz 2014). th The2014 seasonto Decem-asted from October 16 rd ber 3.The team consîsted of Taa A-Sae’d, Taro Redha, Anwar A-Tamîmî and Hamîd A-Mutaîrî from the Kuwaît Natîona Museum and Femmîng Højund (Head of Mîssîon), Anna Hîton (Fîed Dîrector), Jona-tan Rose Andersen, Phîne Wîborg, Hee Strehe, and Danîe Frandsen from the Moesgaard Museum, as we as tweve Egyptîan abourers (Højund & Hîton 2015). th The2015 seasonto Decem-asted from October 15 nd ber 2 . The team consîsted of Taa A-Sae’d, Anwar A-Tamîmî and Hamîd A-Mutaîrî from the Kuwaît Natîona Museum, and Femmîng Højund (Head of Mîssîon), Anna Hîton (Fîed Dîrector), Lîsa Yeomans, Tune Causen, Ann Andersson, Aîysha Abu-Laban, Hee Strehe, Guenever Bjerre Thaarup and Rune Sorîa from the Moesgaard Museum, as we as nîne Egyptîan abourers (Højund & Hîton 2016).
7
N
domestic houses
Tell F3
temple yard
Tell F4
Fig. 2.Map of the ancîent word around Faîaka Isand. The coasta regîon of Mesopotamîa accordîng to Steînkeer ( ig. ).
”Palace”
Tell F6
Tell F5
0
Main Temple
Fig. 3.Map of the archaeoogîca area on the southwest corner of Faîaka Isand wîth Tes F, F, F and F.
8
50 m
NE Temple
100
th The2016 seasonto Decem-from October 15 asted st ber 1 . The team consîsted of Taa A-Sae’d, Anwar A-Tamîmî, Muhammad Fahed and Hamîd A-Mutaîrî from the Kuwaît Natîona Museum, and Femmîng Højund (Head of Mîssîon), Anna Hîton (Fîed Dîrec-tor), Aexander Østrup Jensen, Louîse Boch Pedersen, Ann Andersson, Hee Strehe, and Rune Sorîa from the Moesgaard Museum, as we as nîne Egyptîan abourers (Højund & Hîton 2017). th The2017 seasonasted from October 15 to Decem-st ber 1 . The team consîsted of Taa A-Sae’d, Anwar A-Tamîmî, Muhammad Fahed, Nawaf Arasheedî and Hamîd A-Mutaîrî from the Kuwaît Natîona Museum, and Femmîng Højund (Head of Mîssîon), Anna Hîton (Fîed Dîrector), Aexander Østrup Jensen, Louîse Boch Pedersen, Ann Andersson, Marî Gravgaard, Jonathan Rose Andersen, Guenever Bjerre Thaarup and Rune Sorîa from the Moesgaard Museum, as we as ten Egyptîan abourers (Højund & Hîton 2018). The excavatîon seasons were foowed by two study th seasons. The2018 seasonfrom November 10 asted st to December 1 . The team consîsted of Taa A-Sae’d, Nawaf Arasheedî, and Hamîd A-Mutaîrî from the Kuwaît Natîona Museum, and Femmîng Højund (Head of Mîssîon), Chrîstoffer P. Hagequîst (Fîed Dîrector), Ann Andersson, Guenever Bjerre Thaarup, and Hee Strehe from the Moesgaard Museum, as we as sîx Egyptîan abourers. In addîtîon to prepar-îng the prevîous excavatîons în Te F3 for pubîcatîon, a sma excavatîon of a new tempe patform was car-rîed out în the northeastern margîn of Te F6 (ig. 3) (Højund & Hagequîst 2019). th The2019 seasonasted from October 15 to Novem-th ber 29 . The team consîsted of Taa A-Sae’d, Hamîd A-Mutaîrî, Nawaf Arasheedî from the Kuwaît Natîona Museum, and Femmîng Højund (Head of Mîssîon), Anna Hîton, Ann Andersson, Phîne Wîborg and Hee Strehe from the Moesgaard Museum.
Durîng each excavatîon season our team was quar-tered în theFaîaka Research Statîonocated îmmedî-atey to the east of the ancîent tes, and thîs contînued to be an eficîent pace from whîch to work thanks to our hepfu and generous coeagues and hosts în Kuwaît. We are aso gratefu for the support of our French neîghbours, Mathîde Geîn, Juîe Bonnérîc and theîr teams who were excavatîng the Heenîstîc Te F5 and the eary Chrîstîan settement at A Qusur. The vertîca measurîng system used în the 2012-2017 excavatîons în Te F3 was the same as that used în the 1958-1963 excavatîons. Vertîca measurements were then taken în reatîon to a reference poînt on top of the te, whîch was assîgned the arbîtrary vaue of 10.00, în reatîon to a datum îne approxîmatey 2.90 m beow sea eve. Durîng the 2012-2017 excavatîons a dressed, stone bock next to a ow tabe în House 6, room 2 was seected as datum (Kjærum and Højund 2013 igs. 45 and 49, p. 41). The upper surface of thîs stone bock îs în eve 6.98 m accordîng to the 1958-1963 system, and a the eves taken în the 2012-2017 excavatîons reate to thîs poînt wîthîn the same system. Survey pans empoy a north-orîented coordînate system. The objects found durîng the excavatîon were reg-îstered under a number consîstîng of three parts: the name of the trench, the number of the excavated ayer of thîs trench, and the number of the object wîthîn thîs trench. Thus, în BE12-X738, BE refers to the trench, 12 refers to the twefth ayer of Trench BE, and X738 refers to the object found wîthîn ayer 12 of Trench BE. The numbers of the excavated ayers în a trench shoud not be confused wîth the numbers of the ayers în the sectîon drawîngs (igs. 5, 12-13 and 106-112). Thîs voume has beneitted from the constructîve scrutîny of Steffen T. Laursen and one anonymous revîewer. Heene Agerskov Rose, Zentrum für Ba-tîsche und Skandînavîsche Archäoogîe, îs warmy thanked for hep wîth the Bayesîan mode presented în Chapter 6; any errors or omîssîons are, however, entîrey the responsîbîîty of the authors.