Farm drainage - The Principles, Processes, and Effects of Draining Land - with Stones, Wood, Plows, and Open Ditches, and Especially - with Tiles

Henry F. (Henry Flagg) French

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• Publié le: 08 décembre 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 28
• Langue: English
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The Project Gutenberg EBook of Farm drainage, by Henry Flagg French
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Title: Farm drainage
The Principles, Processes, and Effects of Draining Land
with Stones, Wood, Plows, and Open Ditches, and Especially
with Tiles
Author: Henry Flagg French
Release Date: November 10, 2007 [EBook #23435]
Language: English
Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
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FARM DRAINAGE.
THE
PRINCIPLES, PROCESSES, AND EFFECTS
OF
DRAINING LAND
WITH STONES, WOOD, PLOWS, AND OPEN
DITCHES,
AND ESPECIALLY WITH TILES;
INCLUDING
TABLES OF RAIN-FALL,
EVAPORATION, FILTRATION, EXCAVATION,
CAPACITY OF PIPES; COST AND NUMBER
TO THE ACRE, OF TILES, &C., &C.,AND MORE THAN 100 ILLUSTRATIONS.
BY
HENRY F. FRENCH.
"Read, not to contradict and to
confute, nor to believe and take for
granted, but to weigh and
consider."—Bacon.
"The first Farmer was the first man,
and all nobility rests on the
possession and use of
land."—Emerson.
NEW YORK:
C. M. SAXTON, BARKER & CO.,
AGRICULTURAL BOOK PUBLISHERS, No.
25 PARK ROW
1860.
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the
year 1859,
By HENRY F. FRENCH,
In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the
United States in and for the Southern District of
New York.
to
The Honorable Simon
Brown,
of Massachusetts,
A Lover of Agriculture, and a Progressive
Farmer,
whose Words and Works are so well devoted to
Improve the Condition
of Those who Cultivate the Earth,
this Book is Inscribed, as a Testimonial of
Respect and Personal Esteem,
by his Friend and Brother,The Author.
PREFACE.
The Agriculture of America has seemed to me to demand some light upon the
subject of Drainage; some work, which, with an exposition of the various
theories, should give the simplest details of the practice, of draining land. This
treatise is an attempt to answer that demand, and to give to the farmers of our
country, at the same time, enough of scientific principles to satisfy intelligent
inquiry, and plain and full directions for executing work in the field, according to
the best known rules. It has been my endeavor to show what lands in America
require drainage, and how to drain them best, at least expense; to explain how
the theories and the practice of the Old World require modification for the
cheaper lands, the dearer labor, and the various climate of the New; and,
finally, to suggest how, through improved implements and processes, the
inventive genius of our country may make the brain assist and relieve the labor
of the hand.
With some hope that my humble labors, in a field so broad, may not have
entirely failed of their object, this work is offered to the attention of American
farmers.
H. F. F.
The Pines, Exeter, N. H., March, 1859.
LIST OF ENGRAVINGS.
PAGE.
Elkington's Mode 32, 33
Ditch and Bore-hole 35
Keythorpe System 42
Theory of Springs 80-84
Plug Drainage 106, 107
Mole Plow 108
Wedge Drains 111
Shoulder Drains 111
Larch Tube 112
Pole Drain 113
Peat Tiles and Tool 113
Stone Drains 115-117
Draining Bricks 121
Round Pipes 122
Horse-shoe Tile 124
Sole-Tile 125
Pipes and Collar 126
Flat-bottomed Pipe-Tile 129
Drains across Slope 150
Draining Irregular Strata 162
Relief Drains 162
Small Outlet 178
Large Outlet 179, 180
Outlet, with Flap 181
Well, with Silt Basin 186
Peep-hole 188
Spring in Drained Field 189
Main of Two Tiles 194
Main of Several Tiles 194
Plan of Drained Field 195
Junction of Drains 196
Branch Pipe 197
Daines' Tile Machine 209
Pratt's Tile Machine 210
Tiles, laid well and ill 229Square and Plumb-Level 229
Spirit Level 230
Staff and Target 231
Span, or A Level 232
Grading Trenches by Lines 233
Challoner's Level 235
Drain Spades 235
Spade with Spur 236
Common Shovel and Spade 236
Long-handled Round Shovel 237
Shovel Scoop 237
Irish Spade 238
Birmingham Spades 240
Narrow Spades 242
English Bottoming Tools 243
Drawing and Pushing Scoops 244
Pipe-Layer 244
Pipe-Laying 245
Pick-axes 245
Drain Gauge 246
Elkington's Auger 246
Fowler's Drain Plow 247
Pratt's Ditcher 249
Paul's Ditcher 250
Germination 277, 278
Land before Drainage and After 286
Heat in Wet Land 288
Cracking of Clays 325
Drainage of Cellar 355
Drainage of Barn Cellar 359
Plan of Rand's Drainage 372
Plan of H. F. French's Drainage 376
[vii]CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTORY.
Why this Treatise does not contain all Knowledge.—Attention of
Scientific Men attracted to Drainage.—Lieutenant Maury's
Suggestions.—Ralph Waldo Emerson's Views.—Opinions of J. H.
Klippart, Esq.; of Professor Mapes; B. P. Johnson, Esq.; Governor
Wright, Mr. Custis, &c.—Prejudice against what is English.—
Acknowledgements to our Friends at Home and Abroad.—The Wants
of our Farmers.
CHAPTER II.
HISTORY OF THE ART OF DRAINING.
Draining as old as the Deluge.—Roman Authors.—Walter Bligh in
1650.—No thorough drainage till Smith, of Deanston.—No mention of
Tiles in the "Compleat Body of Husbandry," 1758.—Tiles found 100
years old.—Elkington's System.—Johnstone's Puns and Peripatetics.
—Draining Springs.—Bletonism, or the Faculty of Perceiving
Subterranean Water.—Deanston System.—Views of Mr. Parkes.—
Keythorpe System.—Wharncliffe System.—Introduction of Tiles into
America.—John Johnston, and Mr. Delafield, of New York.
CHAPTER III.
RAIN, EVAPORATION AND FILTRATION.
Fertilizing Substances in Rain Water.—Amount of Rain Fall in United
States; in England.—Tables of Rain Fall.—Number of Rainy Days,
and Quantity of Rain each Month.—Snow, how Computed as Water.
—Proportion of Rain Evaporated.—What Quantity of Water Dry Soil
will Hold.—Dew Point.—How Evaporation Cools Bodies.—Artificial
Heat Underground.—Tables of Filtration and Evaporation.
[viii]CHAPTER IV.
DRAINAGE OF HIGH LANDS—WHAT LANDS REQUIREDRAINAGE.
What is High Land?—Accidents to Crops from Water.—Do Lands
need Drainage in America?—Springs.—Theory of Moisture, with
Illustrations.—Water of Pressure.—Legal Rights as to Draining our
Neighbor's Wells and Land.—What Lands require Drainage?—
Horace Greeley's Opinion.—Drainage more Necessary in America
than in England; Indications of too much Moisture.—Will Drainage
Pay?
CHAPTER V.
VARIOUS METHODS OF DRAINAGE.
Open Ditches.—Slope of Banks.—Brush Drains.—Ridge and Furrow.
—Plug-Draining.—Mole-Draining.—Mole-Plow.—Wedge and
Shoulder Drains.—Larch Tubes.—Drains of Fence Rails, and Poles.
—Peat Tiles.—Stone Drains Injured by Moles.—Downing's Giraffes.
—Illustrations of Various Kinds of Stone Drains.
CHAPTER VI.
DRAINAGE WITH TILES.
What are Drain-Tiles?—Forms of Tiles.—Pipes.—Horse-shoe Tiles.
— Sole-Tiles.—Form of Water-Passage.—Collars and their Use.—
Size of Pipes.—Velocity.—Friction.—Discharge of Water through
Pipes.—Tables of Capacity.—How Water enters Tiles.—Deep Drains
run soonest and longest.—Pressure of Water on Pipes.—Durability of
Tile Drains.— Drain-Bricks 100 years old.
CHAPTER VII.
DIRECTION, DISTANCE AND DEPTH OF DRAINS.
Direction of Drains.—Whence comes the Water?—Inclination of
Strata.—Drains across the Slope let Water out as well as Receive it.
—Defence against Water from Higher Land.—Open Ditches.—
Headers.—Silt-basins.
Distance of Drains.—Depends on Soil, Depth, Climate, Prices,
System.—Conclusions as to Distance.
Depth of Drains.—Greatly Increases Cost.—Shallow Drains first tried
in England.—10,000 Miles of Shallow Drains laid in Scotland by way
of Education.—Drains must be below Subsoil plow, and Frost.—
Effect of Frost on Tiles and Aqueducts.
[ix]CHAPTER VIII.
ARRANGEMENT OF DRAINS.
Necessity of System.—What Fall is Necessary.—American
Examples.—Outlets.—Wells and Relief-Pipes.—Peep-holes.—How
to secure Outlets.—Gate to Exclude Back-Water.—Gratings and
Screens to keep out Frogs, Snakes,