Drug delivery to the bone-implant interface [Elektronische Ressource] : functional hydroxyapatite surfaces and particles / presented by Andrea Schüssele

Sca09964

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• Gesundheit

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• Publié par: universitat_regensburg
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2007
• Nombre de lectures: 4
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 6 Mo

Extrait

Drug delivery to the bone-implant
interface:
Functional hydroxyapatite
surfaces and particles



Dissertation to obtain the Degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences
(Dr. rer. nat.)
from the Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy
of the University of Regensburg






Presented by
Andrea Schüssele
from Waldkirch-Buchholz
2006






























Promotionsgesuch eingereicht am: 31.08.2006

Die Arbeit wurde angeleitet von: Prof. Dr. A. Göpferich

Mündliche Prüfung am: 02.11.2006
Prüfungsausschuss: Prof. Dr. S. Elz
Prof. Dr. A. Göpferich
Prof. Dr. G. Franz
Prof. Dr. N. Korber



































Table of contents

Chapter 1 Introduction and Goals of the Thesis
………,……………………………………………........………1
Chapter 2 Surface modifications of Hydroxyapatite ceramics
to modulate cell adhesion and improve
tissue generation……………..…………...………………...23

Chapter 3 Labeling of lysozyme and BMP-2 with
125 Iodine for the characterization of
surface modification methods…………….........….....……35

Chapter 4 Adsorption and immobilization of lysozyme
on PEGylated HA ceramic surfaces
………………………………..…………………..……….......53

Chapter 5 A novel method for protein immobilization on
HA ceramic surfaces using bisphosphonates
…………………………………………………………..……..81

Chapter 6 Pamidronate-based surface modification of
hydroxyapatite particles: Adsorption and
co-precipitation…………………………………….………..109

Chapter 7 Confocal microscopy for monitoring particle uptake
and distribution in a three-dimensional
cell culture model.............................................................131

Chapter 8 Summary and Conclusions
………………………………………….…………………….151

Appendices Abbreviations……..………..……………………………….167
Curriculum vitae…………………………….…………...….160
List of publications……...…………………..………………161
Acknowledgements………………………………..…...…..164








Chapter 1

Introduction and Goals of the
Thesis








- 1 - Chapter 1 Introduction and Goals of the Thesis

1. Bone, implant failure and the significance of the bone-implant
interface

In recent years, implant materials have gained growing importance in all areas of medicine
[1]. The placement of endosseous implants has improved the quality of life for millions of
people [2]. It is estimated that over 500,000 total joint replacements, primarily hips and
knees, and between 100,000 and 300,000 dental implants are used each year in the United
States [2]. The success of endosseous implants depends on acquiring and retaining stable
fixation of the device in the surrounding bone. Load bearing implants in orthopedics have to
sustain complex mechanical loads without failure under rather corrosive environmental
conditions. Furthermore, permanent implants, e.g. joint prostheses or dental implants, which
are designed for service throughout the lifetime of the patient, have to bond tightly to the
surrounding bone [3]. Unfortunately, the current average lifetime of an orthopedic implant is
only 15 years [1]. Stable fixation largely depends on obtaining intimate apposition of bone to
the implant, a fact that has lead to renewed focus on biomimetic surface coatings [1].
Biomimetic materials are capable of eliciting specific cellular responses and directing new
tissue formation mediated by biomolecular recognition [4]. Biomimetic cell carriers are one of
the key strategies applied for bone tissue engineering [5;6]. Bone tissue engineering
concepts have focused on two approaches: the use of three-dimensional matrices as cell-
free conduits to guide bone ingrowth from the surrounding bone or as carriers for seeded
cells for in vitro or in vivo bone formation [7]. The fabrication of materials to provide
appropriate scaffolding that is conducive to cell attachment and maintenance of cell function
is a key strategy [5]. To achieve an increase in the lifetime of permanent implants requires
investigating and understanding the remodeling properties of the bone, the implant materials,
and the bone-implant interface structure.
1.1. Bone
In order to use the potential of biomimesis in the design of cell carriers for bone tissue
engineering, the basic principles of structure and development of the skeleton have to be
studied [8]. The knowledge of bone physiology has continuously increased in recent years. A
complete review is beyond the scope of this thesis, but can be found in [9]. The following
facts are of significance for a better understanding of the chapters ahead: The composition of
bone varies with age, anatomical location, general health, and nutritional status. In general,
bone mineral accounts for 50-70% of adult bone, the organic matrix, mainly collagen, for
about 20-40%, water for about 5-10% and lipids for about 1-5% by volume [10]. Bone mineral
is mostly in the form of hydroxyapatite [Ca (PO ) (OH) ], which provides rigidity and strength 10 4 6 2
for skeletal and load-bearing functions. The hydroxyapatite in bone consists of small crystals
- 2 - Chapter 1 Introduction and Goals of the Thesis
(about 20 nm) and contains impurities, including carbonate and magnesium [10;11]. The
adult skeleton consists 80% of compact (or cortical) bone, which contains channel systems
for nerve fibers and blood vessels, and 20% of trabecular (or spongy) bone, which is filled
with bone marrow. Mature bone is termed lamellar bone and consists of both of trabecular
and compact bone, while new bone, which is formed e.g. during fracture repair, is woven
bone. Woven bone is a relatively disorganized array of collagen and mineralization patterns,
which becomes lamellar bone through the process of remodeling [10;11].
As bone is a living tissue, the biological response to implanted materials is a key factor to
improve the osseointegration process. This biological response can be influenced by
stimulating the four different cell types found in bone: osteoblasts, osteocytes, bone lining
cells and osteoclasts [9;12]. Osteoblasts are responsible for the formation and organization
of the extracellular matrix of bone and its subsequent mineralization [12]. Osteoblasts
express relatively high amounts of alkaline phosphatase, which plays a role in bone
mineralization and represents an early marker of osteoblastic differentiation [13].
Osteoclasts, which are large multinucleated cells, cause bone resorption [12;14]. Osteocytes
are derived from osteoblasts and are involved in the transduction of mechanical stimulus into
biochemical signals, thereby orchestrating bone remodelling and tissue repair [12]. Bone
lining cells are inactive cells that cover bone surfaces and undergo neither bone formation
nor resorption [12].
1.2. Significance of the bone implant interface
When attempting to regenerate bone via the conduction of bone into biomaterials [7], the
conduit material is implanted adjacent to bone tissue. Cells from the tissue begin to invade
and populate the material, lay down new matrix, and eventually form new bone. Following
implantation of a biomaterial in bone, events analogous to those that occur during fracture
healing will occur, including the formation of a hematoma between bone and implant as a
scaffold for the infiltration of cells [2;15]. A short overview is given in Fig. 1, adopted from [2]:
First proteins from blood and other tissue fluids will adsorb to the surface (a) mediating
adhesion of cells such as inflammatory and connective tissue cells (b). These cells stimulate
the invasion of osteoprogenitor cells that will differentiate to osteoblastic cells by exposure to
adequate growth factors (c). These osteoblastic cells are capable of forming new bone (d).
With time, the newly formed bone will be remodeled by osteoclasts to mature, lamellar bone,
which further stabilizes the implant (e).

- 3 - Chapter 1 Introduction and Goals of the Thesis

Fig. 1: Schematic representation of the events occurring at the bone-implant interface.
a: Protein adsorption from blood and tissue fluids. b: Inflammatory and connective tissue
cells approach the implant. c: Formation of an afibrillar mineralized layer and adhesion of
osteogenic cells. d: Bone deposition on both the bone and the implant surfaces.
e: Remodelling of newly formed bone by osteoclasts (adopted with modifications from [2]).

The response of the host to the implant material ideally culminates in an intimate apposition