Evolution of South African Bruniaceae [Elektronische Ressource] : evidence from ecological and geographical investigations / Lavinia Schardt

Lschardt

Informations

• Publié par: johannes_gutenberg-universitat_mainz
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 15
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 20 Mo

Extrait

Evoltiu on of Sothu African Brnu iaceae:
eidence from ecological
and geographical inesv tigations

Dissertait on zur Erlangnu g des Grades
Doktor der Narissenschaften

Am Fachbereich Biologie der
Johannes Gtenberg-Uniersit Mainz

Lavinia Schard t
09.02.1982 in Wiesbaden

Mainz, Mai 2010

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1. General introduction..........................................................................................................1
1.1 Characteristics of the species included in this study....................................................3
1.2 Inflorescence types............................................................................................................4
1.3 The study site.....................................................................................................................8
..............................................................................................92. Plant-pollinator interaction
A .....................................................................................................................................9
2.1 Introductio.......................................................................................................................n 9
2.2 Material and methods ....................................................................................................11
2.2.1 Investigation site and included plant species......................................................11
2.2.2 Conducted analysis..................................................................................................12
2.3 Results...............................................................................................................................20
2.3.1 Insect attraction – the floral display......................................................................20
2.3.2 Plant-pollinator interactions...................................................................................23
2.3.3 Reproductive success...............................................................................................38
2.4 D ........................................................................................................................42
2.4.1 Plant-pollinator interactions42
2.4.2 The reproductive success........................................................................................47
2.4.3 Conclusion................................................................................................................49

3. Architecture and breeding system .................................................................................50
A ...................................................................................................................................50
3.1 Introductio.....................................................................................................................n 50
3.2 Material and Methods ....................................................................................................51
3.2.1 Plant species and observation sites:......................................................................51
3.2.2 Stigma morphology analysis:52
3.3 Results...............................................................................................................................55
3.3.1 Anthesis progression...............................................................................................55
3.3.2 Stigma morphology.................................................................................................67
3.4 D ........................................................................................................................70
3.4.1 Diverse patterns within the breeding system......................................................70
3.4.2 Dichogamy and morphology.................................................................................71
3.4.3 Dichogamy and life form........................................................................................73
3.4.4 Dichogamy and its distribution within the recent phylogeny..........................74

4. Phylogeography and genetic diversity within and among populations ...............76
A ...................................................................................................................................76
4.1 Introductio.....................................................................................................................n 76
4.2 Material and Methods ....................................................................................................78
4.2.1 Plant material............................................................................................................78
4.2.2 Molecular methods..................................................................................................82
4.2.3 Data analysis.............................................................................................................83
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ntnset4.3 Results...............................................................................................................................84
4.3.1 Sequence analysis.....................................................................................................84
4.3.2 Haplotype network analysis...................................................................................85
4.4 D ........................................................................................................................91
4.4.1 Genetic differences within and between populations........................................91
4.4.2 Genetic constitution and possible migration events...........................................93

5.El ll- l B
Nature Reserve ......................................................................................................................96
A ...................................................................................................................................96
5.1 Introductio.....................................................................................................................n 96
5.2 Material and Methods ....................................................................................................98
5.2.1 The locality................................................................................................................98
5.2.2 The conducted analyses.........................................................................................100
5.3 Results.............................................................................................................................107
5.3.1 Distribution pattern at the Vogelgat Nature Reserve.......................................107
5.3.2 Population density, age and stability..................................................................111
5.4 D ......................................................................................................................114
5.4.1 Distribution within the Nature Reserve..............................................................114
5.4.2 Population density and disturbance factors.......................................................119

6.Biogeography and recent distribution ........................................................................121
A .................................................................................................................................121
6.1 Introductio...................................................................................................................n 121
6.2 Material and methods ..................................................................................................122
6.2.1 Distribution along the Western Cape..................................................................122
6.3 Results.............................................................................................................................124
6.3.1 Distribution along the Western Cape124
6.3.2 Vegetation zone analysis.......................................................................................126
6.3.3 Biogeography, phylogeny and species characteristic.......................................127
6.4 D ......................................................................................................................137
6.4.1 Adaptation to certain soils or annual precipitation..........................................137
6.4.2 Occpu ation of niches and the infleu nce of habitat strcu tures on speciation
and migration...................................................................................................................139
6.4.3 Ecological and geographical separation within clades.....................................141
..........................................................................................................1427. Gel
7.1 Resprouter vs. reseeder: the breeding system...........................................................142
7.2 Fynbos ecology and distribution.................................................................................142
7.3 Speciation and species persistence..............................................................................143
7.4 Summary..............................................................................