Evolutionary ecology of Alexandrium (Dinophyceae) with special emphasis on genotypic and phenotypic variation in the toxigenic species A. tamarense [Elektronische Ressource] / Tilman Jens Alpermann

Talperma

Sujets

• Biologie

Informations

• Publié par: universitat_bremen
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2009
• Nombre de lectures: 45
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 2 Mo

Extrait

EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY OF ALEXANDRIUM (DINOPHYCEAE)
WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON
GENOTYPIC AND PHENOTYPIC VARIATION
IN THE TOXIGENIC SPECIES A. TAMARENSE






Tilman J. Alpermann




Stiftung Alfred-Wegener-Institut
für Polar- und Meeresforschung in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft




EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY OF ALEXANDRIUM (DINOPHYCEAE)
WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON
GENOTYPIC AND PHENOTYPIC VARIATION
IN THE TOXIGENIC SPECIES A. TAMARENSE











Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.)
vorgelegt dem Fachbereich 2 (Biologie & Chemie) der Universität Bremen


Tilman Jens Alpermann



Bremen 2009





1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Kai Bischof
2.rof. Dr. Linda Medlin
Contents
CONTENTS
I. DANKSAGUNG.........................................................................................................................V
II. SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................ VII
III. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG .........................................................................................................IX
IV. ABBREVIATIONS ...............................................................................................................XIII
1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION................................................................................................. 1
1.1. Species Diversity in Phytoplankton .................................................................................................................... 1
1.1.1. Cryptic Species Diversity in Marine Microalgae............................................................................................ 2
1.1.2. Intra-Population Diversity .............................................................................................................................. 3
1.1.3. Inter-Prsity 5
1.2. Harmful Algal Blooms......................................................................................................................................... 6
1.2.1. Harmful Algal Bloom Phenomena.................................................................................................................. 6
1.2.2. The Role of Allelopathy in the Ecology of Bloom Forming Dinoflagellates ................................................. 8
1.2.3. Global Spreading of Harmful Algal Blooms ................................................................................................ 10
1.3. The Toxigenic Dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense .................................................................................... 11
1.3.1. The Genus Alexandrium ............................................................................................................................... 11
1.3.2. The ‘Alexandrium tamarense Species Complex’.......................................................................................... 14
1.3.3. Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins in Alexandrium and the A. tamarense Species Complex ................... 16
1.3.4. Distribution and Range Extension of the A. tamarense Species Complex.................................................... 20
1.4. Motivation for this Thesis.................................................................................................................................. 24
1.5. Methodological Considerations ........................................................................................................................ 25
1.5.1. Analysis of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins......................................................................................... 25
1.5.2. Study of Allelopathic Properties................................................................................................................... 26
1.5.3. Genetic Markers for Inter- and Intra-Species Comparisons in Microalgae .................................................. 27
1.6. Outline of the Thesis .......................................................................................................................................... 30
2. PUBLICATIONS ..................................................................................................................... 33
2.1. Allelochemical Interactions and Short-Term Effects of the Dinoflagellate Alexandrium on Selected
Photoautotrophic and Heterotrophic Protists ................................................................................................. 35
2.1.1. Abstract......................................................................................................................................................... 35
2.1.2. Introduction................................................................................................................................................... 35
2.1.3. Materials and Methods........................ 37
2.1.4. Results ........................................................................................................................ 42
2.1.5. Discussion..................................................................................................................... 48
2.2. Six New Microsatellite Markers for the Toxic Marine Dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense.................. 53
2.2.1. Abstract.................................. 53
2.2.2. ................................ 53
2.2.3. Materials and Methods.................................................................................................................................. 53
2.2.4. Results and Discussion ......................................................................................................... 58
III Contents
2.3. Species Discrimination in the Genus Alexandrium by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism.......... 59
2.3.1. Abstract......................................................................................................................................................... 59
2.3.2. Introduction................................................................................................................................................... 59
2.3.3. Materials and Methods.................................................................................................................................. 60
2.3.4. Results and Discussion ......................................................................................................... 61
2.3.5. Conclusions................................................................................................................................................... 63
2.4. Phenotypic Variation and Genotypic Diversity in a Planktonic Population of the Toxigenic Marine
Dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense (Dinophyceae).................................................................................... 64
2.4.1. Abstract.................................. 64
2.4.2. ................................ 64
2.4.3. Materials and Methods........................ 67
2.4.4. Results ........................................................................................................................ 75
2.4.5. Discussion..................................................................................................................... 80
2.4.6. Concl............................... 85
2.5. Intra-Population Clonal Variability in Allelochemical Potency of the Toxigenic Dinoflagellate Alexandrium
tamarense ............................................................................................................................................................ 86
2.5.1. Abstract......................................................................................................................................................... 86
2.5.2. Introduction................................................................................................................................................... 86
2.5.3. Materials and Methods.................................................................................................................................. 88
2.5.4. Results 93
2.5.5. Discussion..................................................................................................................... 98
2.6. Implications of Life History Transitions on the Population Genetic Structure of the Toxigenic Marine
Dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense ........................................................................................................... 105
2.6.1. Abstract................................ 105
2.6.2. .............................. 105
2.6.3. Materials and Methods...................... 108
2.6.4. Results ........................................................................................................................ 112
2.6.5. Discussion..................................................................................................................... 113
2.6.6. Conclusions................................................................................................................................................. 119
2.7. Genetic and Phenotypic Differentiation among Globally Dispersed Populations of the North America