High-affinity urokinase-derived cyclic peptides inhibiting urokinase-urokinase receptor-interaction [Elektronische Ressource] : effects on tumor growth and spread / Sumito Sato

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• Gesundheit

Informations

• Publié par: technische_universitat_munchen
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2009
• Nombre de lectures: 15
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

Frauenklinik und Poliklinik der Technischen Universität München,
Klinikum rechts der Isar


High-affinity urokinase-derived cyclic peptides inhibiting
urokinase/urokinase receptor-interaction: effects on tumor
growth and spread


Sumito Sato



Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät für Medizin der Technischen Universität
München zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines

Doktors der Medizin (Dr. med.)

genehmigten Dissertation.





Vorsitzender: Univ.-Prof. Dr. D. Neumeier

Prüfer der Dissertation:
1. Priv.-Doz. Dr. V. Magdolen

2. Univ.-Prof. Dr. M. Schmitt





Die Dissertation wurde am 16.06.2008 bei der Technischen Universität München
eingereicht und durch die Fakultät für Medizin am18.03.2009 angenommen. !. Summary

2. Introduction
2.1 The urokinase-type plasminogen activator system
in tumor invasion and metastasis
2.2 Competitive antagonists of uPA/uPAR-interaction
derived from the uPAR binding site of uPA

3. Materials and Methods
3.1 Reagents
3.2 Cell lines
3.3 uPA, uPAR and PAI-1 ELISA
3.4 Proliferation assay
3.5 Invasion assay
3.6 Adhesion assay
3.7 Animal model
3.8 Statistical analyses

4. Results
4.1 Determination of uPA, PAI-1 and uPAR by ELISA
4.2 Characterization of proliferation of OvMz-6 cell
lines
4.3 Invasive capacity of OvMz-6 cells
4.4 Biological activity of OvMz-6 in cell adhesion assay
4.5 Effect of synthetic cyclic competitive uPA-derived
peptide WX-360 and WX-360-Nle in vivo

5. Discussion

6. Acknowledgements

7. References

"#Curriculum vitae
2!#Summary

Tumor cell invasion and metastasis depend on the coordinated and temporal expression
of proteolytic enzymes to degrade the surrounding extracellular matrix. The tumor
cell-associated urokinase-type plasminogen activator system, consisting of the serine
protease plasmin, plasminogen activator (uPA), its specific receptor
uPAR (CD87), and the two inhibitors PAI-1 and PAI-2, plays an important role in these
pericellular processes. Especially, association of the proteolytic activity of uPA with
the cell surface via interaction with uPAR significantly increases the invasive capacity
of tumor cells, uPA/uPAR system becomes an attractive novel target for anti-metastatic
therapy. uPA binds with high affinity to its specific cell surface receptor, uPAR via a
binding site within the N-terminal region of the molecule.

Previously, the minimal binding region spanning amino acids 19-31 of uPA was
19,31determined. A synthetic cyclic uPA-derived peptide, cyclo uPA was designed, 19-31
serving as a lead structure for the development of two small uPA-derived competitive
peptide antagonists to interfere with uPA/uPAR-interaction based on the uPAR binding
21,29 site in uPA: WX-360 (cyclo [D-Cys21]-uPA [S21C;H29C]) and its norleucine 21-30
21,29(Nle) derivative WX-360-Nle (cyclo [D-Cys21] -uPA [S21C;K23Nle;H29C]). 21-30
These peptides display an only five to ten-fold lower affinity to uPAR as compared to
the naturally occurring uPAR-ligand uPA.

In this study, we investigated the characteristics of OvMz-6 human ovary cancer cells,
which typically induce a large primary and intraperitoneal tumor metastases, and
WX-360 and WX-360-Nle were tested in nude mice for their potency to inhibit tumor
growth and intraperitoneal spread of lacZ tagged OvMz-6. Intraperitoneal
administration of cyclic peptide (20 mg peptide/kg; 1U daily for 37 days) into
tumor-bearing nude mice resulted in a significant reduction of tumor weight and spread
within the peritoneum as compared to the untreated control group. This is the first
report demonstrating effective reduction of tumor growth and spread of human ovarian
3cancer cells in vivo by small synthetic uPA-derived cyclic peptides competitively
interfering with uPA/uPAR-interaction. Thus, both WX-360 and WX-360-Nle are
promising novel compounds to reduce dissemination of human ovarian carcinoma.
42. Introduction

2.1 The urokinase-type plasminogen activator system in tumor
invasion and metastasis

Invasion and metastasis of solid tumors are complex multi-step processes. The invasive
behavior of malignant tumor cells and their ability to form distant metastases are
facilitated by different cell-associated proteolytic systems. In the host, the extracellular
matrix provides a structural barrier for the tumor cells, and malignant cells are able to
degrade proteins of the extracellular matrix and basement membrane, leading to local
invasion of the tissue and metastasis. Proteolysis is involved in all the steps of the
metastatic cascade, namely detachment of tumor cells from the primary tumor site,
intravasation, dissemination through the blood circulation or the lymphatic system,
extravasation, and formation of metastases at distant sites (Schmitt et al., 1997).
Various proteolytic systems, including the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA)
system, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and cysteine proteases (cathepsin B, L),
which partly interact and cooperate, contribute to the net proteolytic activity at the
tumor-host interface (Fig. 1) (Andreasen et al., 2000, Chapman et al., 1997, Noel et al.,
1997, Schmitt et al., 2000, Yan et al., 1998). Not only the tumor cells but also stromal
cells present within the surrounding tissue or extracellular matrix synthesize
components of the different proteolytic systems, thus contributing to proteolysis on the
surface of tumor cells (Dublin et al., 2000).

The urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) system plays a pivotal role in this
degradation process, with components like the serine protease plasmin, its activator
urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), the cell surface-associated uPA receptor
uPAR (CD87), and the two inhibitors, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1)
and type 2 (PAI-2) (Fig. 2). For numerous types of solid malignant tumors, a strong
clinical value of the plasminogen activation system in predicting disease recurrence
and survival in cancer patients has been demonstrated. Patients with low levels of both
5uPA and PAI-1 in their primary tumors have a much better prognosis than patients with
elevated levels of both factors, emphasizing their fundamental role in tumor invasion
and metastasis (Duffy et al., 2002, Harbeck et al., 2002, Jänicke et al., 2001, Look et
al., 2002, Schmitt et al., 2000).

















Figure 1. The urokinase-type plasminogen activator system: (pro)-uPA, uPAR and
plasmin(ogen) interplay with other extracellular components [e.g., MMPs (-3, -9),
cathepsins (B, L), vitronectin and integrins] which leads to degradation of the
extracellular matrix and basement membranes, thereby supporting tumor cell invasion
and metastasis.
6The serine protease uPA (M : approximately 55,000), which plays a central role in the r
conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, is secreted by various normal and cancer cells
as a single-chain polypeptide (pro-uPA). pro-uPA consists of 411 amino acids (aa), and
several proteases, e.g. plasmin, plasma or glandular tissue kallikrein, and cathepsin B
or L (Dano et al., 1985), are able to convert pro-uPA by limited proteolysis into the
enzymatically active serine protease, HMW-uPA ("high-molecular-weight-uPA"), by
158 159cleavage of the peptide bond between Lys and Ile . The A-chain of uPA (aa 1-158)
and the B-chain (aa 159-411) are covalently connected via a disulfide bridge between
148 279Cys and Cys . The B-chain harbors the active site of the serine protease with its
204 255 356catalytic triad His , Asp , and Ser (Fig. 3). By further proteolytic action on
HMW-uPA, an amino-terminal fragment (ATF; aa 1-135) is released yielding the
"low-molecular-weight" form of uPA (LMW-uPA). Both HMW- and LMW-uPA
display very similar enzymatic activities towards the substrate plasminogen. ATF
consists of two different domains (Fig. 3), the so-called growth factor-like domain
(GFD; aa 1-49) and the kringle domain (aa 50-135) which displays structural
homology to the kringle domains of e.g. prothrombin, tPA, and plasmin.

The cell surface-associated uPA receptor uPAR (CD87) is a cysteine-rich, heavily
N-glycosylated protein of M : 45 - 60,000. It is translated into a 313 amino acid r
polypeptide with a 21 amino acid signal peptide. It consists of three homologous
repeats: domains I, II, and III, as numbered from the N terminus (Fig. 4) (Fowler et al.,
1998, Mondino et al., 1999, Ploug et al., 2002). uPAR lacks a transmembrane
sequences, and is associated with cell membranes by a glycosyl phosphatidyl inositol
(GPI) anchor (Ploug et al., 1991). Soluble uPAR variants without a GPI anchor have
also been identified in the conditioned medium from various cell lines and in body
fluids from cancer patients, and may arise by differential splicing, by proteolysis, or by
phospholipase cleavage of the GPI a