High energy emission of jet sources [Elektronische Ressource] / Eugenio Bottacini

Bolu

Sujets

• Astronomie

Informations

• Publié par: technische_universitat_munchen
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2008
• Nombre de lectures: 19
• Langue: Deutsch
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 4 Mo

Extrait

Technische Univsersität München
Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik
Garching bei München


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of jet sources


Eugenio Bottacini


Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät für Physik der Technischen Universität
München zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines

Doktors der Naturwissenschaften

genehmigten Dissertation.


Vorsitzender: Univ.-Prof. Dr. A. J. Buras
Prüfer: 1. Priv.-Doz. Dr. J. Greiner
2. Univ.-Prof. Dr. F. von Feilitzsch

Die Dissertation wurde am 29.09.2008 bei der Technischen Universität München
eingereicht und durch die Fakultät für Physik am 03.11.2008 angenommen.












to Marianna

Abstract

In this thesis I have conducted different multiwavelength campaigns on blazars triggered
through AO proposals of the INTEGRAL mission and ToOs of other missions. Ground based
observation facilities completed the campaigns. Through out the obtained strict simultaneous
data I discuss, until now unobserved long-term spectral features, and new emission mechanism
at work in blazar jets. I performed also an accurate background modeling of IBIS, the imager on
board the INTEGRAL satellite, based on cross-correlation method. I obtain improved statistics
on the images and an overall better sensistivity is acheived.




Zusammenfassung

In dieser Doktorarbeit habe ich an verschiedenen Blazaren mehrere Multifrequenz-Kampagnen
durchgefuehrt, die durch INTEGRAL AO Proposals und weiteren ToOs von anderen Missionen
ermoeglicht wurden. Weitere Beobachtungen mit Bodenteleskopen haben die Kampagnen
vervollständigt. Durch die strikt simultanen Daten eroertere ich, bis jetzt unbeobachtete
langzeitige specktrale Eigenschaften, und neue Emissionsszenarien in Blazar Jets. Weiters habe
ich ein genaues Hintergundmodell, welches sich auf die Cross-Korrelations-Methode stuetzt,
fuer IBIS, dem bildgebenden Instrument an Bord des Satelliten INTEGRAL, erstellt. Ich erreiche
bessere statistische Resultate der Bilder und eine insgesamt bessere Sensitivitaet.





Table of Contents

1 High Energy Astrophysics ................................................................ 11
1.1 Introduction ............................................................................ 11
1.2 A little history .......................................................................... 12
1.3 Imaging techniques at high energies ................................................ 15
1.3.1 X-ray telescopes ................................................................... 16
1.3.2 Focusing X-rays by reflection ................................................... 16
1.3.3 Detecting the X-rays .............................................................. 17
1.3.4 Coded masks detectors........................................................... 18
1.3.4.1 Coding phase.................................................................. 20
1.3.4.2 The point spread function .................................................. 20
1.3.4.3 The autocorrelation function .............................................. 21
1.3.4.4 Detection significance ....................................................... 22
1.3.5 Decoding techniques for coded mask telescopes............................. 23
1.3.5.1 Cross correlation ............................................................. 23
1.3.5.2 Maximization methods ...................................................... 24
1.4 The INTEGRAL mission ................................................................ 25
1.4.1 SPI ................................................................................... 26
1.4.2 IBIS .................................................................................. 27
1.4.2.1 PICSIT .......................................................................... 28
1.4.2.2 ISGRI ........................................................................... 28
1.4.3 JEM-X ............................................................................... 29
1.4.4 OMC ................................................................................. 30
2 The Blazar AGN Subclass ................................................................. 31
2.1 Introduction ............................................................................ 31
2.2 AGN Paradigm .......................................................................... 33
2.2.1 Radio Galaxies vs Blazars ........................................................ 39 2.2.2 Observational evidences supporting the FR I/BL Lac and FR II /Quasar
association ......................................................................... 41
2.2.3 Doppler boosting .................................................................. 41
2.3 The Blazar sequence and its validity ................................................ 42
2.3.1 The Blazar SED .................................................................... 42
2.3.2 The Blazar sequence ............................................................. 44
2.3.3 Validity of the Blazar sequence ................................................. 45
2.4 The Extragalactic Background Light (EBL) ......................................... 45
2.4.1 What is EBL? ....................................................................... 45
2.4.2 Measuring the EBL ................................................................ 47
2.5 The state of the art and outlook .................................................... 49
3 Software development and improvement of ibis standard code ................. 51
3.1 Introduction ............................................................................ 51
3.2 OSA standard software ................................................................ 54
3.2.1 Data flow ........................................................................... 54
3.2.2 The data ............................................................................ 54
3.2.3 The software....................................................................... 55
3.2.4 Image statistics .................................................................... 56
3.3 Software improvement ................................................................ 59
3.3.1 Data selection and screening .................................................... 59
3.3.2 Shadowgram correction .......................................................... 60
4 INTEGRAL observation of gamma-ray Blazars ........................................ 69
4.1 INTEGRAL OBSERVATIONS OF THE GAMMA-RAY BLAZAR 3C 279 DURING THE
‘DEEP EXTRAGALACTIC SURVEY’ ....................................................... 69
4.1.1 Introduction ........................................................................ 69
4.1.2 Observations ....................................................................... 71
4.1.3 Data analysis ....................................................................... 72
4.1.3.1 High-energy observations ................................................... 72 4.1.3.2 Optical observations ......................................................... 73
4.1.4 Results .............................................................................. 73
4.1.4.1 Deep Extragalactic Survey .................................................. 73
4.1.4.2 Combined results ............................................................. 75
4.1.5 Discussion .......................................................................... 78
4.2 PKS 0537-286, the high red-shift FSRQ, giving new insights into the jet
physics….. ................................................................................. 81
4.2.1 Introduction ........................................................................ 81
4.2.2 The source ......................................................................... 83
4.2.3 Observations ....................................................................... 83
4.2.3.1 X-ray observations ........................................................... 87
4.2.3.2 Optical to UV observations ................................................. 88
4.2.4 Timing analysis .................................................................... 88
4.2.5 X-ray and hard X-ray spectra .................................................... 91
4.2.5.1 Single spectra ................................................................. 91
4.2.5.2 Joint X-ray and hard X-ray spectra ........................................ 92
4.2.6 Spectral energy distribution ..................................................... 94
4.2.6.1 Data ............................................................................ 94
4.2.6.2 SED modeling ................................................................. 96
4.2.7 Discussion .......................................................................... 98
4.2.7.1 Optical data ................................................................... 98
4.2.7.2 X-ray spectra ..............................................................