Measurement of the K_1hn0 inclusive cross section in pion-induced reactions at 1.15 GeV-c [Elektronische Ressource] / presented by Mohamed Lotfi Benabderrahmane
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Measurement of the K_1hn0 inclusive cross section in pion-induced reactions at 1.15 GeV-c [Elektronische Ressource] / presented by Mohamed Lotfi Benabderrahmane

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Dissertationsubmitted to theCombined Faculties for the Natural Sciences and for Mathematicsof the Ruperto-Carola University of Heidelberg, Germanyfor the degree ofDoctor of Natural Sciencespresented byMSc Mohamed Lotfi Benabderrahmaneborn in Mila, AlgeriaOral examination: 18th April, 20070Measurement of the K Inclusive Cross Sectionin Pion-Induced Reactions at 1.15GeV/cReferees: Prof. Dr. Norbert HerrmannProf. Dr. Johanna Stachel0The K production cross section and the phase-space distributions were mea-−sured in the reaction + nucleus at an incident momentum of 1.15 GeV/c for C,0Al, Cu, Sn and Pb. For the first time the system-size (A) dependence of the K2/3production cross section has been measured and shows an A dependence. The0experimental ratio of the K momentum distribution produced in Lead to that inCarbon shows a suppression at low momenta. A comparison to the corresponding+ratio of K measured in proton-induced reactions shows a good agreement, which0indicates the sensitivity of this observable to the K N potential. Comparisons toHSD transport model calculations show that this model is not able to describe0momentum and rapidity distributions of the K as well as the behaviour of the in-0clusive cross section as a function of A. Microscopic calculations of the K crosssection in nuclear matter including the KN potential in the final state interactionare in good agreement with the measurements.

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Publié le 01 janvier 2007
Nombre de lectures 14
Langue English
Poids de l'ouvrage 2 Mo

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Dissertation
submitted to the
Combined Faculties for the Natural Sciences and for Mathematics
of the Ruperto-Carola University of Heidelberg, Germany
for the degree of
Doctor of Natural Sciences
presented by
MSc Mohamed Lotfi Benabderrahmane
born in Mila, Algeria
Oral examination: 18th April, 20070Measurement of the K Inclusive Cross Section
in Pion-Induced Reactions at 1.15GeV/c
Referees: Prof. Dr. Norbert Herrmann
Prof. Dr. Johanna Stachel0The K production cross section and the phase-space distributions were mea-
−sured in the reaction + nucleus at an incident momentum of 1.15 GeV/c for C,
0Al, Cu, Sn and Pb. For the first time the system-size (A) dependence of the K
2/3production cross section has been measured and shows an A dependence. The
0experimental ratio of the K momentum distribution produced in Lead to that in
Carbon shows a suppression at low momenta. A comparison to the corresponding
+ratio of K measured in proton-induced reactions shows a good agreement, which
0indicates the sensitivity of this observable to the K N potential. Comparisons to
HSD transport model calculations show that this model is not able to describe
0momentum and rapidity distributions of the K as well as the behaviour of the in-
0clusive cross section as a function of A. Microscopic calculations of the K cross
section in nuclear matter including the KN potential in the final state interaction
are in good agreement with the measurements.
0Der Wirkungsquerschnitt der K -Produktion und dessen Phasenraumverteilun-
−gen wurden in -Kern-Reaktionen bei einem Pion-Impuls von 1.15 GeV/c fu¨r
0C-, Al-, Cu-, Sn- und Pb-Kerne untersucht. Die Abha¨ngigkeit des K -Produktions-
wirkungsquerschnitts von der Systemgro¨ße A wurde zum ersten Mal gemessen
2/3und eine A -Abha¨ngigkeit wurde beobachtet. Das experimentell bestimmte
0Verha¨ltnis der K -Impulsverteilungen in Blei zu denen in Kohlenstoff ist fu¨r nie-
drige Impulse stark unterdru¨ckt. Ein Vergleich mit dem entsprechenden Verha¨lt-
+ ¨nis fu¨r K aus Proton-Kern-Reaktionen zeigt eine gute Ubereinstimmung, daher
ist diese Observable geeignet zur Untersuchung des KN-Potentials. Vergleiche
mit Berechnungen des HSD-Transportmodells verdeutlichen, dass dieses Mod-
0ell bisher noch nicht in der Lage ist, Impuls- und Rapidita¨tsverteilungen des K ,
0sowie die Abha¨ngigkeit der Inklusiven K -Produktion von der Systemgro¨ße zu
0beschreiben. Berechnungen des K -Produktionswirkungsquerschnitts im Rah-
men eines mikroskopischen Modells, welches ein KN-Potential fu¨r die Wech-
selwirkungen in Endzustand beeinhaltet, stimmen gut mit den Messergebnissen
u¨berein.
ppContents
Overview 1
1 Introduction 3
1.1 Properties of Nuclear Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.1 The Phase Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1.2 The Equation of State (EOS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2 Hadrons in Nuclear Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3 Kaon Properties in Heavy-Ion Collisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.4 Kaon Production in proton-induced Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.5 Kaon Production in pion-induced Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2 The FOPI Detector and the S273 Experiment 21
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2 The secondary Pion Beam at GSI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2.1 The Pion Beam Experiment with FOPI . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.3 Target Properties of the S273 Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.4 The Start Counter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.5 The Veto Detector (Halo) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.6 The Beam Scintillator Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.7 The Central Drift Chamber (CDC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.7.1 The Mechanical Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.7.2 Observables measured by the CDC . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.7.3 The Calibration of the CDC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.7.4 The z Coordinate Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.7.5 The Energy-Loss Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.8 The Scintillator Barrel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.9 The Helitron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.10 The Forward Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.10.1 The Plastic Wall (PLAWA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.10.2 The Zero Degree Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.11 The Silicon Strip Detector (SDD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
I2.12 Determination of the Cross Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3 Data Analysis 41
3.1 Event Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.1.1 Rejection of non-target Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.2 Detector Acceptance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.3 Particle Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
03.4 Reconstruction Methods of V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
03.4.1 Invariant Mass Spectra of K and . . . . . . . . . . . . 48S
03.4.2 Reconstruction in the Forward Wall (PLAWA) . . . . . 57
4 GEANT Simulation 63
4.1 The CDC Digitizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.2 Drift Path of a Hit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4.3 Modeling of the Gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.4 Energy and z Resolutions of a Hit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.5 Position Resolution of Hits in the(x,y) Plane . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.6 Momentum Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.7 Efficiency Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4.7.1 Global Efficiency Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4.7.2 Local Efficiency Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5 Experimental results 81
05.1 K Phase-Space Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81S
05.2 K Invariant Production Cross Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
05.3 K Rapidity Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
05.4 The K Inclusive Cross Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
05.5 Inclusive Momentum Spectra of K in Pb and C . . . . . . . . . . 89
5.6 Systematic Error Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
6 Model Comparisons 97
6.1 Invariant Cross Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
06.2 K Rescattering in HSD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
6.3 Rapidity Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
6.4 Momentum Spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
6.5 Ratio of the Momentum Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
06.6 K Inclusive Cross Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
7 Summary and Outlook 109
A The Bethe-Bloch Formula 113
II
LLB Kinematical Variables and Invariant Cross Section 115
B.1 Particle Decay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
B.1.1 Golden Rule for Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Bibliography 119
Aknowledgments 129
IIIIV

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