Nitrogen availability of biogas residues [Elektronische Ressource] / Sara Fouda. Gutachter: Urs Schmidhalter ; Kurt-Jürgen Hülsbergen. Betreuer: Urs Schmidhalter

Abdallah Metwally

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• Publié par: technische_universitat_munchen
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2011
• Nombre de lectures: 39
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 3 Mo

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TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT MÜNCHEN


Lehrstuhl für Pflanzenernährung


Nitrogen availability of biogas residues


Sara El-Sayed Fouda



Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan
für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt der Technischen Universität München zur
Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines

Doktors der Agrarwissenschaften

genehmigten Dissertation.


Vorsitzender: Univ.-Prof. Dr. J. Meyer
Prüfer der Dissertation:
1. Univ.-Prof. Dr. U. Schmidhalter
2. Univ.-Prof. Dr. K.–J. Hülsbergen


Die Dissertation wurde am 26.05.2011 bei der Technischen Universität München
eingereicht und durch die Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für
Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt am 07.09.2011 angenommen.

















Dedicated to
The soul of my late Father (Prof. Dr. El-Sayed Fouda)













Acknowledgments
Among the many people and organization who have contributed to this work, I am
particularly indebted to the following ones:

First of all I like to thank my supervisor Prof. Dr. Urs Schmidhalter, for accepting me
as his Ph.D.student, giving me the opportunity to work on this project in his lab. I
enjoyed being a part of his group and greatly appreciate his confidence in me,
believing in me and calming me down with the right and constructive words. To him I
owe a great debt of gratitude for his patience and inspiration.

I respectfully express my sincere thanks to Dr. Sabine von Tucher for guiding the
progress of the experimental work, for the valuable discussions, suggestions in data
analysis and interpretation, thoroughly and consistently guiding the writing of the
thesis and for critical comments.

I especially thank Prof. Dr. Joachim Meyer for kindly accepting the position as
chairman of examination committee, and Prof. Dr. Kurt-Jürgen Hülsbergen to be the
co-examiner of this thesis.

I would be honoured to convey my heartfelt thanks and sincere gratitude to Prof. Dr.
Ali A. Abdel-Salam, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Banha
University, Egypt, for his kind encouragement, permanent advice and the moral
support he always gave.

I am sincerely grateful to the member of the chair of Plant Nutrition, Center of Life
and Food Sciences, Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, who
provided me with a friendly and supportive climate in which I could conduct my
research.

I take this opportunity to express my special and immense thanks to the Egyptian
Government represented by the General Mission Administration in Cairo and the
Cultural Office in Berlin, Germany for their financial support during my study in
Germany.
Really for achieving progress in science, it is not enough to have a place in a lab and
financial support, for me as a foreign student the environment was most important.
Therefore “Heartfelt Thanks” for the generous hospitality I found here in Germany.

I am also thankful to many friends that me and my family met and who contributed to
make Freising a pleasant and memorable part of our lives, although different
language and culture.

Finally but not least I wish to thank my husband (Abdallah), my children (Youssef
and Farah), my mother and my family at Egypt for their moral support, inspiration
and encouragement. I would praise their perseverance during the years which I
spent away from home striving to complete this work. Without their assistance, this
study would not have been realized.


Freising - Weihenstephan, May 2011

Sara Fouda

Table of contents I
Table of contents

1. Introduction .................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Biogas production as a renewable energy resource ......... 1
1.2 N availability of unseparated biogas residues .................................................. 2
1.2.1 Comparison of unseparated biogas residues with other organic fertilizers
......................................................................................... 2
1.2.2 Effect of organic fertilizers’ C:N ratio on N mineralization ....................... 3
1.2.3 Characteristics of the unseparated biogas residues compared with
animal slurry ............................................................................................ 4
1.2.4 Biogas residues from different substrates ............... 5
1.3 The role of soils in N availability from organic fertilizers ................................... 6
1.3.1 Factors affecting N mineralization in soils ............... 6
1.3.1.1 Temperature and water content ................................................... 6
1.3.1.2 Soil texture ................................ 7
1.3.1.3 Soil organic matter content .......................... 8
1.3.2 Effect of organic fertilizers on N mineralization in soils ........................... 8
1.4 Separation of biogas residues and other organic fertilizers ............................ 10
1.4.1 NH losses from unseparated and separated organic fertilizers during 3
storage and after application to soil ....................................................... 10
1.4.2 Separation efficiency ............................................. 11
1.4.3 Characteristics of solid and liquid fractions of biogas residues and other
manures................................................................................................. 11
1.4.4 Nitrogen availability of separated solid and liquid biogas residues........ 12
1.5 Objectives of the present study ...... 14
2. Materials and methods .............................................................................. 15
2.1. Experimental conditions ................ 15
2.2 Fertilizers and soils used in the experiments .................. 16
2.2.1 First experiment .................................................................................... 16
2.2.2 Second experiment ............... 19
2.3. Experimental design ...................... 21
2.4 Analytical methods ......................................................................................... 26
2.4.1 Soil analysis .......................... 26 II Table of contents
2.4.2 Plant analysis ........................................................................................ 26
2.4.3 Analysis of biogas residues ................................... 26
2.5 Calculations and statistical of analysis ........................... 27
3. Results ........................................................................................................ 28
3.1 Chemical properties of unseparated biogas residues and cattle slurry .......... 28
3.2 Yield and N availability of seven different unseparated biogas residues and
cattle slurry as tested in two soils ................................................................... 29
3.2.1. Shoot dry matter yield .......... 29
3.2.3 Shoot N content .................................................................................... 31
3.2.4 Shoot N offtake ..................... 33
3.2.5 Apparent N utilization ............ 35
3.2.6. Additional apparent nitrogen utilization ................................................ 37
3.2.7 Soil nitrogen and carbon contents ......................... 39
3.2.8 Correlations between shoot N offtake and C and N in organic fertilizers
and soils ......................................................................................................... 40
3.3 Yield and N availability of ryegrass from three unseparated biogas residues as
tested in five soils ........................................................................................... 42
3.3.1 Nitrogen offtake of unfertilized soils ...................... 42
3.3.2 Shoot dry matter yield ........................................................................... 43
3.3.3 Shoot N content .................... 43
3.3.4 Shoot additional N offtake ..... 46
3.3.5 Additional apparent N utilization ............................................................ 49
3.3.6 Soil organic matter content ................................... 53
3.3.7 Net N mineralization rate from different soils......... 53
3.4 Chemical properties of solid and liquid biogas residues after separation ....... 55
3.5 Yield and N availability of ryegrass from liquid and solid biogas residues after
separation as tested in two soils .................................................................... 58
3.5.1 Shoot dry matter yield ........... 58
3.5.2 Shoot N content .................................................................................... 58
3.5.3 Shoot N offtake ..................... 63
3.5.4 Apparent N utilization ............ 66
3.5.5 Additional apparent nitrogen utilization ................................................. 69
3.5.6 N uptake (shoot, stubble and root) from selected treatments ................ 72 Table of contents III
3.5.6.1 N up