Src kinases and Flt3 [Elektronische Ressource] : phosphorylation, interference with receptor maturation and mechanism of association / Olga Mitina

Mitina Olga

Sujets

• Biologie

Informations

• Publié par: ludwig-maximilians-universitat_munchen
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2005
• Nombre de lectures: 12
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 14 Mo

Extrait

Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades
¨ ¨der Fakultat fur Chemie und Pharmazie
¨ ¨der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen
Src kinases and Flt3:
phosphorylation, interference with
receptor maturation and
mechanism of association
Olga Mitina
aus
Moskau, Russland
2005Erkl¨ arung
Diese Dissertation wurde im Sinne von§13 Abs.3 bzw.4 der Promotions-
ordnung vom 29. Januar 1998 von PD Dr. Haralabos Zorbas betreut.
Ehrenw¨ ortliche Versicherung
Diese Dissertation wurde selbst¨andig, ohne unerlaubte Hilfe erarbeitet.
Mu¨nchen,
Olga Mitina
Dissertation eingereicht am 9. Juni, 2005
1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Michael Hallek
2. Gutachter: PD Dr. Haralabos Zorbas
Mu¨ndliche Pruf¨ ung am 4. November, 2005V
Acknowledgements
his workwasdonewiththesupportofmyresearchadvisor,Prof. MichaelTHallek.
Dr. Axel Obermeier of Sirenade AG provided insightful guidance during
this work. His research and personal advice served as the compass through-
out the course of this thesis.
During this work, I have enjoyed many scientific discussions and kind
support, as well as friendly and warm atmosphere at GSF H¨amatologikum.
I am grateful to all the colleagues in Prof. Hallek’s group and in the in-
stitute, especially Ms. Martina Bamberger, Ms. Susanne Cotte, Dr. Karin
Forster, Ms. Amparo Hausherr, Dr. Gu¨nter Krause, Dr. Michael Sch¨affer,
Ms. Corinna Schlander, Dr. Nicola Simon, Dr. Rosario Tavares and Dr.
Markus Warmuth. Special thanks are due to Dr. Susan King for numerous
discussions and her helpful editing and corrections of this thesis.
Finally, loving thanks to my husband Neal for making my day, every
day, and to all my family for always cheering me up, making some of those
gloomy days in research sunnier.VIVII
Contents
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Protein phoshorylation in signal transduction . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.1 Diversity of RTKs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.2 Regulation of RTKs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.3 Activation of signaling cascades by RTKs . . . . . . . 4
1.2.4 Attenuation and termination of RTK activation . . . . 8
1.2.5 Class III of RTKs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3 Flt3 and its ligand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3.1 Structure of the Flt3 receptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3.2 Maturation of Flt3 in the ER and Golgi complex . . . 10
1.3.3 Expression of Flt3 in hematopoietic cells . . . . . . . . 13
1.3.4 Regulation of the kinase activity of Flt3 by the JM
region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.3.5 Structure and expression of Flt3 ligand (FL) . . . . . 15
1.3.6 Biological function of Flt3 in normal hematopoiesis . . 16
1.3.7 Role of Flt3 in hematopoietic malignancies . . . . . . 17
1.3.8 Flt3-mediated signal transduction . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.4 Src family of tyrosine kinases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.4.1 Structure of Src family kinases (SFKs) . . . . . . . . . 21
1.4.2 Expression of SFKs in various tissues . . . . . . . . . 22
1.4.3 Regulation of catalytic activity of SFKs . . . . . . . . 22
1.4.4 Cellular mechanisms of SFK regulation . . . . . . . . 24
1.4.5 Functions of SFKs in hematopoietic cells . . . . . . . 27
1.4.6 Role of SFKs in leukemogenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.4.7 SFKs in signal transduction mediated by RTKs . . . . 33
1.4.8 SFK-mediated modulation of RTKs . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.5 Thesis proposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42VIII CONTENTS
2 Materials and Methods 45
2.1 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.2 Reagents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.3 Kits and other research products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.4 Antibodies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.5 Plasmids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.5.1 Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.5.2 All other plasmids used for this work . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.6 Bacterial strains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.7 Mammalian cell lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.8 Molecular biological techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.8.1 Introduction of plasmid DNA into bacteria . . . . . . 53
2.8.2 Production of recombinant DNA plasmids . . . . . . . 54
2.8.3 Site-directed PCR-based mutagenesis . . . . . . . . . 56
2.9 Mammalian cell culture techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.9.1 Transfection of plasmid DNA into mammalian cells . . 58
2.9.2 Production of recombinant retrovirus using transient
transfection of HEK-293 cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.9.3 Titering retroviral stocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.9.4 Infection of mammalian cells with recombinant retro-
viruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.9.5 Fluorescence-activated cell sorting . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2.9.6 Generation of 32D cl.3 cells expressing Flt3 and Flt3
F692T using antibiotic selection . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2.9.7 Generationof32Dcl.3-basedcelllinesexpressingFlt3
and Hck constructs using FACS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2.10 Analysis of mammalian cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2.10.1 Analysis of cells by flow cytometry . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2.10.2 Determination of cell viability and numbers . . . . . . 62
2.10.3 Apoptosis assay using Annexin-V apoptosis detection
kit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.11 Analysis of proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.11.1 Preparation of cellular lysates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.11.2 Determinationofproteinconcentrationincellularlysates 66
2.11.3 Immunoprecipitation of proteins from cellular lysates . 67
2.11.4 Separation of proteins by denaturing discontinuous
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.11.5 Coomassie staining of proteins in gel . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.11.6 Silver staining of proteins in gel . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
2.11.7 Transfer of proteins to PVDF-membrane. . . . . . . . 70
2.11.8 Ponceau S staining of proteins on PVDF-membrane . 70
2.11.9 Analysis of proteins on PVDF membrane by immuno-
blotting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70CONTENTS IX
3 Results 73
3.1 Analysis of the specificity of STI-571 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.1.1 Single amino acid substitution renders Flt3 sensitive
to STI-571 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.1.2 InhibitionofFlt3phosphorylationbyinhibitorsofSrc
kinases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.2 Functional interaction of Hck and Flt3 in HEK-293 cells . . . 75
3.2.1 Hck interferes with maturation of Flt3 . . . . . . . . . 75
3.2.2 Hck phosphorylates Flt3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3.2.3 Several SFKs phosphorylate Flt3 and interfere with
its maturation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3.2.4 SFKs phosphorylate the Kit receptor and interfere
with its maturation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
3.3 Physical interaction of Hck and Flt3 in HEK-293 cells . . . . 85
3.3.1 Flt3 receptor activated by Flt3 ligand or by an ITD-
type mutation recruits Hck via its SH2 domain . . . . 86
3.3.2 Tyrosines 589 and 591 in the JM region of Flt3 serve
as Hck binding sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
3.4 Biological function of Hck in Flt3-mediated cellular responses 88
3.4.1 Expression of Flt3 and Hck in 32D cl.3 cells . . . . . . 89
3.4.2 HckisnotinvolvedinFlt3signaltransductionleading
to cell survival . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
3.4.3 Hck is not involved in Flt3 ITD signal transduction
leading to cell growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
3.5 Interaction of Hck and Flt3 in 32D cl. 3 cells . . . . . . . . . 94
3.5.1 Hck does not interfere with maturation and does not
phosphorylate Flt3 in 32D cl. 3 cells . . . . . . . . . . 95
3.5.2 Flt3doesnotdetectablyassociatewithHckin32Dcl.
3 cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
3.5.3 Hck does not have any effect on Flt3-mediated phos-
phorylation of key signal transducing molecules . . . . 97
4 Discussion 101
4.1 Hck-mediated interference with maturation of Flt3 . . . . . . 102
4.1.1 PossiblemechanismsofHckinterferencewithFlt3mat-
uration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
4.1.2 BiologicalrelevanceofHck-mediatedinterferencewith
Flt3 maturation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4.2 Phosphorylation of Flt3 by Hck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4.2.1 Hck-dependent phosphorylation of Flt3 and Hck asso-
ciation with Flt3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4.2.2 Consequences of Hck-mediated phosphorylation of Flt3105
4.3 Association of Flt3 and Hck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106X CONTENTS
4.3.1 Mechanism of recruitment of Hck to Flt3 . . . . . . . 106
4.3.2 Consequences of Hck recruitment to Flt3 . . . . . . . 106
4.4 Interaction of Flt3 with Hck in different cell lines . . . . . . . 107
4.5