Tonalness and consonance of technical sounds [Elektronische Ressource] / Sebastián Fingerhuth
152 pages
English

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Tonalness and consonance of technical sounds [Elektronische Ressource] / Sebastián Fingerhuth

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Description

Aachener Beiträge zur Technischen AkustikIn this work, the production and perception of noise from technicalequipment is presented. As a case study, the noise of switched reluctance SebastianFingerhuthmachines (SRM) was used. The principle of operation of SRM is presentedas well as the characterization of some noise problems of electrical machi-Tonalness and consonancenes.of technicalsoundsThe measurement results from the motor surface vibration and the directi-vity of the radiated sound from the machine are discussed and some noiseoptimized control strategy for a SRM are shown, with an example of what isachievable and which are the limitsof such strategy.The concepts of tonalness and consonance are defined and some theoriesbehind them are described. The results of exhaustive psychoacoustic liste-ning tests about the perceptual characteristics of the noise of a technicalsource are presented, analyzed and discussed.The main conclusions of the listening tests are:One important component of the perceived annoyance oftechnical sounds is the tonalness.Different tonalness calculation algorithms are in agreementwith the results from the listening tests.The consonance/dissonance of technical sounds depends onseveral parameters, i.e. roughness and frequency ratio.

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Publié par
Publié le 01 janvier 2009
Nombre de lectures 17
Langue English
Poids de l'ouvrage 5 Mo

Extrait

Aachener Beiträge zur
Technischen Akustik
In this work, the production and perception of noise from technical
equipment is presented. As a case study, the noise of switched reluctance SebastianFingerhuth
machines (SRM) was used. The principle of operation of SRM is presented
as well as the characterization of some noise problems of electrical machi-
Tonalness and consonance
nes.
of technicalsounds
The measurement results from the motor surface vibration and the directi-
vity of the radiated sound from the machine are discussed and some noise
optimized control strategy for a SRM are shown, with an example of what is
achievable and which are the limitsof such strategy.
The concepts of tonalness and consonance are defined and some theories
behind them are described. The results of exhaustive psychoacoustic liste-
ning tests about the perceptual characteristics of the noise of a technical
source are presented, analyzed and discussed.
The main conclusions of the listening tests are:
One important component of the perceived annoyance of
technical sounds is the tonalness.
Different tonalness calculation algorithms are in agreement
with the results from the listening tests.
The consonance/dissonance of technical sounds depends on
several parameters, i.e. roughness and frequency ratio.
λογος
ISSN 1866-3052
λογος
ISBN 978-3-8325-2458-6
LogosVerlag Berlin
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1
0TONALNESS AND CONSONANCE OF TECHNICAL
SOUNDS
Von der Fakulät für Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik der
Rheinisch-Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule Aachen
zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines
DOKTORS DER INGENIEURWISSENSCHAFTEN
genehmigte Dissertation
vorgelegt von
Ingeniero Civil Electricista (RCH)
Sebastián C. Fingerhuth
aus Puerto Ordaz, Venezuela
Berichter: Universitätsprofessor Dr. rer. nat. Michael Vorländer
Universitätsprofessor Dr. ir. Rik W. De Doncker
Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 2. Dezember 2009
DieseDissertationistaufdenInternetseitenderHochschulbibliothekonlineverfügbar.Sebastian Fingerhuth
Tonalness and consonance of technical sounds
Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH
λογοςAachener Beitra¨ge zur Technischen Akustik
Herausgeber:
Prof.Dr.rer.nat. Michael Vorla¨nder
Institut fu¨r Technische Akustik
RWTH Aachen
52056 Aachen
www.akustik.rwth-aachen.de
Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek
Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der
Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind
im Internet u¨ber http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar.
Gedruckt mit Unterstu¨tzung des Deutschen Akademischen Austauschdienstes
Dissertation RWTH Aachen
D 82, 2009
c Copyright Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH 2010
Alle Rechte vorbehalten.
ISBN 978-3-8325-2458-6
ISSN 1866-3052
Band 10
Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH
Comeniushof, Gubener Str. 47,
10243 Berlin
Tel.: +49 (0)30 / 42 85 10 90
Fax: +49 (0)30 / 42 85 10 92http://www.logos-verlag.deContents
Abstract vi
Zusammenfassung viii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Psychoacoustics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.2 Physiology of the auditory system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.3 Psychoacoustic magnitudes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.4 Complex psychoacoustic descriptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3 Noise Perception and Product Sound Quality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3.1 Sound quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3.2 Relation between noise in technical sounds and users . . . . . 10
1.4 Psychophysics and Perception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.4.1 Psychophysics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.4.2 Scaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.4.3 Prothetic and metathetic continua. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.5 Tonalness and Consonance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2 Switched Reluctance Machines (SRM) 19
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2 Principle of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.3 Torque in SRM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3 Noise in Switched Reluctance Machines 26
3.1 Noise and Vibration in SRM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.1.1 Primary noise sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.1.2 Secondary noise sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
iii4 Measurement and Simulation of Noise and Vibration of a Switched
Reluctance Machine 31
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.2 Simple Model of a Switched Reluctance Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.3 Numerical Simulation of the Stator Vibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.3.1 Finite element method simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.3.2 Boundary element method simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.4 Test Bench . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.4.1 Measurement equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.5 Static Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.5.1 Structure vibration measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.5.2 Directivity measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.6 Dynamic Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.6.1 Directivity measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.7 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5 Control Strategies applied to SRM 61
5.1 Control Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.3 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
6 Concepts of Tonalness and Consonance 68
6.1 Tonalness/Tonality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
6.1.1 Terhardt’s tonal components extraction algorithm . . . . . . . 69
6.1.2 The German DIN 45681 tonalness calculation method . . . . . 69
6.1.3 Aures’ tonality calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
6.2 Consonance and Dissonance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
6.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
6.2.2 Consonance of dyads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
6.2.3 Consonance of harmonic complex tones . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
7 Listening Tests 75
7.1 Sound Quality of Switched Reluctance Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
7.1.1 Introduction and method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
7.1.2 Results of the test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
7.1.3 Model and conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
7.2 Tonalness: Experiment I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
7.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
7.2.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
7.2.3 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
7.3 Tonalness: Experiment II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
7.3.1 Stimuli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
iv7.3.2 Listeners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
7.3.3 Instructions and evaluation method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
7.3.4 Reliability of the answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
7.3.5 Results of the test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
7.3.6 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
7.3.7 Dendrogram: Answering strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
7.3.8 Tonalness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
7.3.9 Comparison of tonalness and unpleasantness . . . . . . . . . . 89
7.3.10 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
7.4 Consonance and Dissonance: Experiment I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
7.4.1 Stimuli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
7.4.2 Listeners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
7.4.3 Instructions, experiment and evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
7.4.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
7.4.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
7.5 Consonance and Dissonance: Experiment II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
7.5.1 Stimuli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
7.5.2 Listeners . . .

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