X-ray emission from star-forming galaxies [Elektronische Ressource] / Stefano Mineo. Betreuer: Rashid Sunyaev

Mineo Stefano

Sujets

• Astronomie

Informations

• Publié par: ludwig-maximilians-universitat_munchen
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2011
• Nombre de lectures: 22
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

X-ray emission
from star-forming galaxies
Stefano Mineo
Mu¨nchen 2011X-ray emission
from star-forming galaxies
Stefano Mineo
Dissertation
an der Fakult¨at fu¨r Physik
der Ludwig–Maximilians–Universit¨at
Mu¨nchen
vorgelegt von
Stefano Mineo
aus Ragusa, Italien
Mu¨nchen, den 22. 07. 2011Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Rashid Sunyaev
Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Viatcheslav Mukhanov
Tag der mundl¨ ichen Pruf¨ ung: 01. 09. 2011Contents
Summary xi
Zusammenfassung xiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 X-ray emission from star-forming galaxies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Resolved X-ray sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 Unresolved X-ray emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2 Star-forming galaxies - a multiwavelength view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 X-ray, infrared and ultraviolet observatories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3.1 Chandra X-ray observatory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3.2 Spitzer Space Telescope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3.3 The Galaxy Evolution Explorer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3.4 The Two Micron Sky Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4 Outline of the thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2 The sample 11
2.1 Primary sample of resolved galaxies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 High-SFR sample. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3 A remark regarding the roles of primary and secondary samples . . . . . . 14
3 Data analysis and SFR estimation 17
3.1 X-ray data preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.2 Point source counts and luminosities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.3 Spatial analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.3.1 Contribution of the central AGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.3.2 Contribution of LMXBs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.3.3 Contribution of CXB sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.4 Isolating the hot ISM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.4.1 Compact X-ray sources and their residual counts . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.4.2 Instrumental and cosmic X-ray background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.4.3 Spillover counts from ULXs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.4.4 Unresolved high-mass X-ray binaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27vi Contents
3.5 X-ray spectral analysis of the di!use emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.6 Multiwavelength analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.6.1 Far-infrared . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.6.2 Near-infrared . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.6.3 Ultraviolet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.7 Star formation rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4 High-mass X-ray binaries 35
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.2 The luminosity function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.2.1 Average XLF of HMXBs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.2.2 High-luminosity break . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.2.3 Contribution of LMXBs and CXB sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.2.4 XLFs of individual galaxies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.3 Collective luminosity of HMXBs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.3.1 Unresolved galaxies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.3.2 Comparison with previous studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.3.3 E!ects of statistics of small numbers in the L !SFR relation . . . 47X
4.3.4 Dispersion in the L !SFR relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48XRB
4.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.5 XLF of high-mass X-ray binaries and ULXs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
5 Implications for the theory of binary evolution 57
5.1 Specific frequency of X-ray bright compact objects in HMXBs . . . . . . . 57
5.2 Bright sources – Black hole systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
5.3 Specific frequency of X-ray bright compact objects in LMXBs . . . . . . . 59
5.4 Constrains on the mass-ratio distribution in binaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
6 The hot interstellar medium 61
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
6.2 Selecting a sub-sample of galaxies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
6.3 X-ray luminosity of the hot di!use gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
6.3.1 Comparison with previous studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
6.4 Total X-ray luminosity of star-forming galaxies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
7 Conclusions 69
A Catalogue of HMXB in nearby star-forming galaxies 73
Acknowledgements 75List of Figures
1.1 Chandra X-ray images of M101 and The Antennae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 An artist’s illustration of a black-hole X-ray binary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 A multiwavelength view of the star-forming galaxy M51 A. . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 An artist’s illustration of the Chandra spacecraft. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1 An example of the spatial analysis performed in resolved galaxies. . . . . . 22
3.2 An example of regions selected based on the spatial analysis. . . . . . . . . 23
3.3 Count rate for di!use emission versus the radius of the removed point sourcs. 25
3.4 An example of surface brightness profiles in the soft hard bands. . . . . . . 26
3.5 Surface brightness profile for individual ULXs in NGC 1313 and NGC 5474 27
3.6 The average spectrum of unresolved HMXBs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.7 The observed spectra of di!use X-ray emission. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.8 The SFR!M plane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34!
4.1 Cumulative X-ray luminosity functions of the galaxies from primary sample. 37
4.2 Average luminosity function of HMXBs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.3 Error contours for the XLF break parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.64.4 CXB subtracted XLF of compact sources, multiplied by L . . . . . . . . . 41
4.5 XLF slopes for individual galaxies plotted against the SFR and inclination. 43
4.6 The L !SFR and L !L relations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46X X IR
4.7 Investigation of the dispersion around the L !SFR relation. . . . . . . 49XRB
4.8 XLF normalization versus SFR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.9 Comparison of the SFR estimations obtained by di!erent methods. . . . . 51
4.10 XLF normalization vs. total luminosity of X-ray binaries. . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.11 Several representative XLFs, normalized to the SFR. . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
di!6.1 The L !SFR relation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63X
tot6.2 The L !SFR relation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Xviii List of FiguresList of Tables
2.1 Primary sample: resolved galaxies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2 High-SFR sample: unresolved galaxies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.3 High-SFR sample: Hubble Deep Field North and Lynx Field. . . . . . . . . 16
3.1 Chandra observations analyzed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
6.1 X-ray luminosities of di!use emission and unresolved HMXBs. . . . . . . . 64
6.2 Summary of the least-squares parameters for L !SFR relations. . . . . . 65X
A.1 Catalogue of HMXB in nearby star-forming galaxies. . . . . . . . . . . . . 74x List of Tables