British Women Missionaries in Bengal, 17931861

Sutapa Dutta

Description

A study of the role, contributions of and challenges faced by the early British women missionaries in Bengal

‘British Women Missionaries in Bengal, 1793-1861’ looks at the arrival of the early British women missionaries in Bengal, especially when travelling to India or working in missions was neither a spontaneous nor an acceptable career decision for white women. The book aims to throw light on a key moment in colonial contact, a new interface between two races, religions and ways of life. From a hesitant beginning as ‘helpmeets’ to a more confident phase of mission activities in the form of setting up formal educational institutions, writing books and so on comprise a long legacy of white women’s participation in overseas colonial encounters. Historicizing imperial feminism will enable those who choose to use the past to locate and interrogate its ramifications on more ‘modern’ notions of feminism. The advent of the Baptist missionary William Carey in Bengal in 1793, followed by others, significantly altered how mission activity was perceived in India. From Hannah Marshman, who helped her more famous missionary husband Joshua Marshman to open schools for girls, to Mary Ann Cooke, the first single British woman missionary to come and work in India, to Hannah Mullens’s contributions to zenana education, were all part of a long journey which helped professionalize women’s missionary work in the colonies. With the death of Hannah Mullens in 1861, the ‘early’ phase of missionary work came to an end and then began a more proactive phase of evangelization and missionary activity in India.

List of Figures; Acknowledgements; Abbreviations; Introduction; Part One: On a Double Mission; 1. Merchants, Mercenaries, Missionaries; 2. Representing ‘Otherness’ and the Agenda of Reform; Part Two: Female Agency; 3. ‘Helpmeets’ and Wives of Missionaries; 4. ‘Mothers’ and Single Women Missionaries; Part Three: Intertwined Images; 5. ‘Ladies’ and the Zenana; 6. The ‘Good’ and the ‘Bad’ Sisters; Notes; Index.

Sujets

• Philosophie et théologie
• Women's studies
• Social sciences
• Christianity

Informations

• Publié par: Anthem Press
• Date de parution: 30 novembre 2017
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781783087280
• Langue: English

Extrait

British Women Missionaries in Bengal, 1793–1861
British Women Missionaries in Bengal, 1793–1861
Sutapa Dutta
Anthem Press
An imprint of Wimbledon Publishing Company
www.anthempress.com

This edition first published in UK and USA 2017
by ANTHEM PRESS
75–76 Blackfriars Road, London SE1 8HA, UK
or PO Box 9779, London SW19 7ZG, UK
and
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© Sutapa Dutta 2017

The author asserts the moral right to be identified as the author of this work.

All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book.

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN-13: 978-1-78308-726-6 (Hbk)
ISBN-10: 1-78308-726-9 (Hbk)

This title is also available as an e-book.
For Ma and Baba
CONTENTS
List of Figures

Acknowledgements

Abbreviations

Introduction

Part I. ON A DOUBLE MISSION
1. Merchants, Mercenaries, Missionaries

2. Representing ‘Otherness’ and the Agenda of Reform

Part II. FEMALE AGENCY
3. ‘Helpmeets’ and Wives of Missionaries (1793–1820)

4. ‘Mothers’ and Single Women Missionaries (1820–40)

Part III. INTERTWINED IMAGES
5. ‘Ladies’ and the Zenana (1840–60)

6. The ‘Good’ and the ‘Bad’ Sisters

Notes
Index
FIGURES
1.1 Fort William, Calcutta, 1760
1.2 India, 1819, a map illustrative of the Baptist Missionary Stations
2.1 Suttee , 1826. From James Peggs’s 1828 essay, The Suttees’ Cry to Britain
3.1 Hannah Marshman’s School for Girls , established in 1818, as it stands today
3.2 The tomb of the Marshman family, Serampore
4.1 The Serampore College, established in 1818, one of the oldest colleges in the country that is still functional
4.2 Tabular view of schools
5.1 A Calcutta Zenana , from Woman in India by Mary Frances Billington (1895), depicts a bold Bengali ‘lady’ with her daughters, surrounded by maids. London: Chapman & Hall, 1895, 72
6.1 A page from Hannah Catherine Mullens’s Phulmani O Karunar Bibaran , 1852
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This book was begun at a very difficult and unhappy time as I saw my mother battling and losing out to a difficult illness. The months after her death were a vacuum, a hard reality in which writing this book has been as much an exercise in self-realization as it has been cathartic. As someone who inspired her daughters to realize their worth, I owe everything to her.
It is a happy coincidence that many women have helped me write this book on women missionaries. To begin with, I am greatly obliged to the missionary sisters and the nuns who were responsible for moulding my formative years in school and college. I have only tried to emulate their dedication, discipline and devotion to work. The book is a grateful acknowledgement of their teaching and service to others.
An Early Career Fellowship provided by the International Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies (ISECS) and Manchester University greatly facilitated the process of writing this book. It provided a stimulating academic environment where discussions with like-minded colleagues from all over the world forged deep bonds of the mind and heart. I am specially grateful to Penny for her intellectual input and encouragement. A chapter written for a book edited by another special friend, Christina Smylitopoulos, forms the basis of the first chapter of my book. A conference organized at Oxford University by the British Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies (BSECS) further provided me with a grant and a platform to read out a paper on this topic. The book was to eventually develop from this conference paper. I am thankful to the publishers for commissioning this book, to the unknown reviewers for their valuable suggestions and to the editorial department, especially Abi and Vincent, who have always responded with alacrity and professionalism.
My students and colleagues, former mentors and teachers have been pillars of strength, with their suggestions, research materials or just emotional support whenever I needed it. I am particularly indebted to Dr Meenakshi Jain, with whom the long sessions of discussions would frequently spill into hours in the corridors and even parking lots. Her knowledge on the subject and the intellectual stimulation she provided have often been the most exciting reasons for the extended hours of stay in the college. Above all to my former teacher and mentor, the late Professor Meenakshi Mukherjee, I am grateful for stimulating my interest in Indian literature. The seed of the last chapter was sown by her many years back.
The research would not have been complete without the assistance of librarians and archivists, some of whom have gone out of their way to help me. Emily Burgoyne was extremely helpful during my brief stint at the Baptist Missionary Archive, Angus Library in Oxford and continued to track down elusive materials even after I had returned to India. Bennie Crockett gave me permission to reproduce images from the William Carey Center, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, USA, and Phaedra Casey at the Brunel University London Archives very graciously allowed me to access research materials pertaining to the British and Foreign School Society . I am equally grateful to the staff of India Office at the British Library in London; the John Rylands Library in Manchester; the Sahitya Akademi, Delhi; the National Archives of India; the Asiatic Society, Calcutta; and Carey Library and Research Centre, Serampore.
Finally, the work was sustained by the help, support and encouragement of my family and friends. My sister Sujata has been the first sounding board for my ideas, and like in every point of my life, has been my best friend and critic. To Ayan and Pinku I am grateful for their patience and understanding, and above all I owe everything to my parents, who would have been very proud had they been here.
ABBREVIATIONS BFBS The British and Foreign Bible Society BFSS The British and Foreign School Society BMS Baptist Missionary Society BZM Baptist Zenana Mission CMS Church Missionary Society CSBS Calcutta School Book Society CSS Calcutta School Society EIC East India Company LMS London Missionary Society LSNFE Ladies’ Society for Native Female Education SPCK Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge SPG Society for the Propagation of the Gospel SPFEE Society for Promoting Female Education in the East
INTRODUCTION
The role of the British missionaries has been perhaps the single most important factor related to the long existence of the British in India. The involvement of missionaries in establishing educational institutions and the dissemination of materialist and humanist learning has enabled generations of Indians to have benefited from scholastic intercourse. Missionary activities in a colonial context have time and again been criticized for the ulterior motives of evangelization and conversion. 1 In India, missionaries have been either the target of vitriolic attacks or are regarded as the face of a benevolent imperialism that introduced a ‘modern’ way of life. It is precisely because of such contrasting reactions that more scholarly insights are required to gauge the importance of missionaries in reforming indigenous lives in India. Of course, evangelization and conversion have remained inextricably entwined to colonization and empire building. At the same time, I can vouch, having studied in a ‘convent’ school and college (an indigenous lingo for educational institutions run by missionaries) that the overall general feeling towards missionaries is undoubtedly of appreciation for having enriched the intellectual and moral life of Indians.
In spite of their positive input, missionaries remain largely unacknowledged, themselves preferring to remain in the shadows. Missionary activity in India has been one of the largest colonial ventures, but there are very few scholarly writings that throw light on this crucial encounter. Though a lot of writings exist by the missionaries themselves, there is a surprising lack of writings on them. One obvious deterrent to any study on missionaries in India is the sheer size and scope of such studies. My effort has been to limit the study to Bengal. Bengal was the place where at the end of the seventeenth century Job Charnock pitched his tent on a marshy piece of land and made an empire from it. It was again the place where, a century later, William Carey landed with his family, tired and battered after a long journey from England, hoping to establish an evangelical mission. Both men were hugely successful. Evangelization remained an intrinsic part in the establishment of the British Empire in India, and their mutual dependence paved the success of the British existence in India. What remains a disconcerting thought, though, is that apart from a handful of scholars and missiologists, there is a general lack of awareness regarding the involvement of the missionaries in laying the bedrock of the Indian education system. Some of the more prominent names like William Carey , fondly remembered as Carey Saheb , Alexander Duff and Robert May remain etched in the memory of Bengalis of the older generation. Sadly, these names and their contributions have hardly any reverberation in the minds of the present generation of Indians. It is important therefore to chronicle the contributions of missionaries in