Becoming Zimbabwe. A History from the Pre-colonial Period to 2008

Description

Becoming Zimbabwe is the first comprehensive history of Zimbabwe, spanning the years from 850 to 2008. In 1997, the then Secretary General of the Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions, Morgan Tsvangirai, expressed the need for a 'more open and critical process of writing history in Zimbabwe. ...The history of a nation-in-the-making should not be reduced to a selective heroic tradition, but should be a tolerant and continuing process of questioning and re-examination.' Becoming Zimbabwe tracks the idea of national belonging and citizenship and explores the nature of state rule, the changing contours of the political economy, and the regional and international dimensions of the country's history. In their Introduction, Brian Raftopoulos and Alois Mlambo enlarge on these themes, and Gerald Mazarire's opening chapter sets the pre-colonial background. Sabelo Ndlovu tracks the history up to WW11, and Alois Mlambo reviews developments in the settler economy and the emergence of nationalism leading to UDI in 1965. The politics and economics of the UDI period, and the subsequent war of liberation, are covered by Joesph Mtisi, Munyaradzi Nyakudya and Teresa Barnes. After independence in 1980, Zimbabwe enjoyed a period of buoyancy and hope. James Muzondidya's chapter details the transition 'from buoyancy to crisis', and Brian Raftopoulos concludes the book with an analysis of the decade-long crisis and the global political agreement which followed.

Sujets

• History

Informations

• Publié par: Weaver Press
• Date de parution: 15 septembre 2009
• Nombre de lectures: 1
• EAN13: 9781779221216
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 13 Mo

Extrait

Becoming Zimbabwe

Becoming Zimbabwe A History from the Pre-colonial Period to 2008

Edited by Brian Raftopoulos and A. S. Mlambo

First published in 2009 by Weaver Press, P.O. Box A1922, Avondale, Harare

Published in South Africa in 2009 by Jacana Media, 10 Orange Street, Sunnyside, Auckland Park, Johannesburg

Weaver Press ISBN: 978 0 77922 083 7 Jacana Media ISBN: 978 1 77009 763 6

© This collection: the editors, and the Institute for Justice and Reconciliation, 2009 © Individual chapters: the respective authors, 2009

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, or by electronic or mechanical means, including information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publishers, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages in a review.

Published in collaboration with the Institute for Justice and Reconciliation, Cape Town, which aids the building of fair, democratic and inclusive societies in Africa before, during and after political transition.

The publishers would like to express their gratitude to the Ford Foundation whose financial assistance made this publication possible.

Cover: Danes Design, Harare Cover photograph: Annie Mpalume Typesetting and layout: TextPertise, Harare Printed and bound by CTP Book Printers, Cape Town

Contents

List of Tables List of Maps List of Figures Acronyms used Chronology Introduction: The Hard Road to Becoming National

1 Reflections on Pre-Colonial Zimbabwe, c. 850–1880s Gerald Chikozho Mazarire

2 Mapping Cultural and Colonial Encounters, 1880s–1930s Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni

3 From the Second World War to UDI, 1940–1965 A. S. Mlambo

4 Social and Economic Developments during the UDI Period Joseph Mtisi, Munyaradzi Nyakudya and Teresa Barnes

5 War in Rhodesia, 1965–1980 Joseph Mtisi, Munyaradzi Nyakudya and Teresa Barnes

6 From Buoyancy to Crisis, 1980–1997 James Muzondidya

7 The Crisis in Zimbabwe, 1998–2008 Brian Raftopoulos

Bibliography Notes on Contributors Index

v

vi vi vii viii x xvii

1

39

75

115

141

167

201

233 251 253

Tables

Table 3.1: Sources of European population increase, 1901–1969 Table 3.2: Gross output and average growth rate of Rhodesian industry, 1946–53 Table 5.1: Rhodesian government estimates of deaths in the war, 1973–74

Maps

Map 1.1: Development of the Leopard’s Kopje culture on the Zimbabwean Plateau. Map 1.2: Approximate settlement patterns of the Goba and Nyai. Map 1.3: Approximate distribution of Shona kingdoms in the seventeenth century. Map 1.4: Rozvi expansion fromc.1690 to the late nineteenth century. Map 1.5: Karanga migrations across the central and southern plateaux afterc.1750. Map 1.6: Remba and Hlengwe migrations on the Zimbabwean Plateau from the late eighteenth century.

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81

83

142

5 7

12 23

27

30

Fig. 1.1: Fig. 1.2: Fig. 1.3: Fig. 2.1: Fig. 2.2: Fig. 3.1: Fig. 3.2: Fig. 3.3: Fig. 3.4: Fig. 3.5: Fig. 4.1: Fig. 4.2: Fig. 4.3: Fig. 4.4: Fig. 5.1: Fig. 5.2: Fig. 5.3:

Fig. 5.4: Fig. 6.1: Fig. 6.2: Fig. 6.3: Fig. 7.1: Fig. 7.2: Fig. 7.3: Fig. 7.4:

Fig. 7.5:

Fig. 7.6:

Figures

Lemba village scene in the Belingwe Reserve. Shangaan dance during tax collection at Ndanga. Ndebele: Imbezi Regiment. Lobengula: From a photograph inLifetaken in 1893. Ndebele chiefs and Native Police, Matabeleland. Charles Mzingeli. General Strike: Crowds assembled at the Bulawayo Location. NDP officials, 1960. Policing urban violence, 1960. Ian Smith signs the Unilateral Declaration of Independence. Whites demonstrate against Ian Smith in Salisbury. Demonstrators appeal to Harold Wilson for support. Demonstrators thank South Africafor petrol supplies. Mangula Mine, 1974. Saying ‘No’ to the Pearce Commission. Bulawayo workers demand consultation. An alleged sell-out shows his guerrilla-inflicted injuries, Honde Valley, 1976. People dumped in Protected Villages, Honde Valley, 1977. Signing the Unity Accord. Saying ‘No’ to corruption. Police during the General Strike, 1997. Morgan Tsvangirai addresses an MDC rally. NCA protest against the government’s draft constitution. Calling for land at a ZANU(PF) rally. A woman is forced to destroy her own home in Operation Murambatsvina. MDC and civic leaders are released from custody after severe beatings by the security services on 11 March 2007. Mugabe Must Go!

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9 32 34 44 60 90 99 108 108 111 122 127 135 139 143 143

156 161 180 182 195 204 210 214

221

228 230

Acronyms

AAG Affirmative Action Group ACP African, Caribbean and Pacific countries AEU Amalgamated Engineering Union AIPPA Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act ANC African National Congress or African National Council BSAC British South Africa Company BSAP British South Africa Police CAS Capricorn Africa Society CCJPZ Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Zimbabwe CFU Commercial Farmers Union CHRA Combined Harare Residents’ Association CIO Central Intelligence Organization CYL City Youth League DSA District Security Assistant ESAP Economic Structural Adjustment Programme EU European Union FBAWU Federation of Bulawayo African Workers Union FLS Frontline States FRELIMO Front for the Liberation of Mozambique FROLIZI Front for the Liberation of Zimbabwe IBDC Indigenous Business Development Centre IBWO Indigenous Business Women’s Organisation ICFTU International Confederation of Free Trade Unions IMF International Monetary Fund IRA Inter-racial Association JMO Joint Marketing Organisation LDO Land Development Officer MDC Movement for Democratic Change MK Umkhonto we Sizwe NAM Non-aligned Movement NCA National Constitutional Assembly NDP National Democratic Party NEPCO National Export Promotion Council NGO Non-governmental Organization NIBMAR No Independence Before Majority Rule

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Acronyms

NLHA Native Land Husbandry Act OAU Organisation of African Unity PF-ZAPU Patriotic Front – Zimbabwe African People’s Union POSA Public Order and Security Act RAR Rhodesian African Rifles RENAMO Mozambique National Resistance RF Rhodesian Front RICU Reformed Industrial and Commercial Workers’ Union RRAEA Rhodesian Railways African Employees Association SADC Southern African Development Community SADCC Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference SRATUC Southern Rhodesian African Trade Union Congress SRBVA Southern Rhodesian Bantu Voters’ Association TILCOR Tribal Trust Lands Development Corporation TTL Tribal Trust Lands TUC Trade Union Congress UANC United African National Council UDI Unilateral Declaration of Independence UFP United Federal Party UN United Nations UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund VIDCO Village Development Committee WADCO Ward Development Committee WOZA Woman of Zimbabwe Arise ZACU Zimbabwe African Congress of Unions ZANLA Zimbabwe National Liberation Army ZANU Zimbabwe African National Union ZANU(PF) Zimbabwe African National Union (Patriotic Front) ZAPU Zimbabwe African People’s Union ZCTU Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions ZIPA Zimbabwe People’s Army ZIPRA Zimbabwe People’s Revolutionary Army ZLC Zimbabwe Liberation Council ZNLWVA Zimbabwe National Liberation War Veterans Association ZWW Zimbabwe Women Writers

ix