Tanzania in Transition

Justincox

Description

This book is the first comprehensive contribution to understanding the character of important societal transitions in Tanzania during Benjamin Mkapa's presidency (1995- 2005). The analyses of the trajectory of these transitions are conducted against the background of the development model of Tanzanian's first president, Julius Nyerere (1961-1985), a model with lasting influence on the country. This approach enables an understanding of continuities and discontinuities in Tanzania over time in areas such as development strategy an ideology, agrarian-land, gender and forestry issues, economic liberalization, development assistance, corruption and political change. The period of Mkapa's presidency is particularly important because it represents the first phase of Tanzania's multi- party political system. Mkapa's government initially faced a gloomy economic situation. Although Mkapa's crusade against corruption lost direction, his presidency was characterised by relatively high growth rates and a stable macro-economy. Rural and agrarian transitions were dominated by diversification rather than productivity growth and transformation. Rural attitudes in favour of land markets emerged only slowly but formal land disputes showed more respect for women's rights. Some space emerged for widening local participation in forest management, but rural dynamics was mainly found in trading settlements feeding on economic liberalization and artisanal mining. The transitions documented and analysed of Mkapa's presidency, however, indicate only limited transformational change. Rural poverty is therefore likely to remain deep and the sustainability of economic development to be at risk in the future. Mkapa was, however, able to protect the legacy of peace and political stability of Nyerere, but there were nevertheless important challenges to the first multiparty elections and governance, and particularly in Zanzibar. The post- script (covering 2005 2010), indicates that the incumbent president, Jakaya Kikwete, has yet to prove that he can change this legacy of Mkapa. Co-published with the Nordic Africa Institute and the Sokoine University of Agriculture, the contributions to the eleven chapters of this book are evenly shared between Tanzanian, Nordic and other European researchers with a long-term commitment to Tanzanian development research. he book is dedicated to the youth of Tanzania.

Sujets

• History

Informations

• Publié par: Mkuki na Nyota Publishers
• Date de parution: 01 août 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 1
• EAN13: 9789987081400
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

TANZANIA IN TRANSITION

FROM NYERERE TO MKAPA

Kjell Havnevik & Aida C. Isinika eds.

Tanzania in Transition: From Nyerere to Mkapa

Tanzania in Transition: From Nyerere to Mkapa

Edited by Kjell Havnevik and Aida C. Isinika

Published by

Mkuki na Nyota Publishers Ltd

Nyerere Road, Quality Plaza Building

P. O. Box 4246

Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

www.mkukinanyota.com

In association with

The Nordic Africa Institute,

Uppsala, Sweden

and Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania

First Edition, 2010

© Contributors 2010

ISBN 978-9987-08-086-1

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted at any time or by any means without the prior permission of the publisher

Contents

List of tables ....................................................................................... vii List of figures ..................................................................................... viii Acronyms ......................................................................................... x Acknowledgements.............................................................................. xv

Chapter 1 Tanzania in Transition – To What? Kjell Havnevik and Aida C. Isinika ....................................................... 1

Chapter 2 A Historical Framework For Analysing Current Tanzanian Transitions: The Post-Independence Model, Nyerere’s Ideas and Some Interpretations Kjell Havnevik .................................................................................... 19

Chapter 3 The Norwegian-Tanzanian Aid Relationship: A Historical Perspective Jarle Simensen ..................................................................................... 57

Chapter 4 Agrarian Fundamentalism or Foresight? Revisiting Nyerere’s Vision for Rural Tanzania Deborah Fahy Bryceson....................................................................... 71

Chapter 5 Smallholder Agriculture in Tanzania: Can Economic Liberalisation Keep its Promises? Rune Skarstein .................................................................................... 99

Chapter 6 Gender Dimensions of Land Conflicts: Examples from Njombe and Maswa Districts in Tanzania Aida C. Isinika and Khamaldin Mutabazi.......................................... 131

Chapter 7 Dynamism of Natural Resource Policies and Impact on Forestry in Tanzania Gerald C. Monela and Jumanne M. Abdallah ................................... 159

vi

Contents

Chapter 8 Trends in Corruption During the Mkapa Era – Who Wants to Know? Brian Cooksey ................................................................................... 179

Chapter 9 Changing Aid Modalities and Tanzanian Development Assistance Partnerships Samuel Wangwe ................................................................................ 207

Chapter 10 Challenges to The Democratisation Process in Tanzania Jonas Ewald....................................................................................... 223

Chapter 11 Postscript: Tanzania in Transition – Summary and Trends 2005 – 2010 Kjell Havnevik .................................................................................. 265 Contributors ..................................................................................... 279 Conference Participants..................................................................... 283

List of Tables

Chapter 5 Table 1 Production of maize and paddy, ’000 tonnes, and growth rate of agricultural GDP, 1976-1998 Table 2 Labour productivity and production per capita of maize and the five major food crops, 1976-1998 Table 3 Maize and wheat yields, 1986-1998 Table 4 Rainfall: Annual averages in millimetres and coefficients of variation Table 5 Percentage share of holdings reporting reasons for not using fertiliser, 1997/98 Table 6 Ratios of average crop producer prices to farmgate fertiliser prices 1985-1998 Table 7 Real producer prices for main food crops, 1981-1999 Table 8 Highest and lowest monthly producer and consumer prices of maize

Chapter 6 Table 1 Sources of Data Table 2 Land sale and rental prices Table 3 Attitudes towards land markets Table 4 Sex of Plaintiff and Relationship with Defendant Table 5 Sex of plaintiff versus outcome of case (Njombe) Table 6 Sex of plaintiff versus outcome of case (Maswa)

Chapter 8 Table 1 Tanzania governance indicators (1998-2004)

Chapter 10 Table 1 The Union Presidential elections 1995, 2000 and 2005 Table 2 Results of the Union Parliamentary elections in Tanzania. Comparison between 1995, 2000 and 2005 Table 3 Balance opposition-CCM with different electoral systems, example from election in 2000, number of seats in the parliament

List of Figures

Chapter 4 Figure 1 Major exports 1950-2003 Figure 2 Rural & Urban Population, 1960-2004 Figure 3 Commercial Bank Lending 1967-2003 Figure 4 Reported Tanzanian Gold Production, 1930-2003 Figure 5 Value of Exports of Minerals and Peasant Cashcrops

Chapter 6 Figure 1 Circulation of land under the Bena customary land tenure Figure 2a Trend of land disputes (Njombe Figure 2b Trend of land disputes (Maswa) Figure 3 Dominance analysis of plaintiff and defendant by sex: Njombe district

Figure 4

Dominance analysis of plaintiff and defendant by sex: Maswa district

Chapter 8 Box 1

Chapter 6 Annex 1 Annex 2

Chapter 8 Appendix 1 Appendix 2

Appendix 3

List of Boxes and Annex/Appendices

Mkapa on corruption 1995-2003

 Location of Study Area  Formal Institutions for Land administration and  Conflict Resolution in Tanzania

 Figure 1 Trends in corruption & anti-corruption  Figure 2 Trends in good and bad governance  Analytical framework: Sources and uses of rents from  official corruption Tanzania in comparative perspective