De la famille aux familles
280 pages
Français

De la famille aux familles , livre ebook

-

280 pages
Français

Description

Les progrès de la biologie et des techniques de procréation, mais aussi les évolutions sociales et culturelles expliquent la nouvelle complexité des liens de parentés, de filiation et les nouvelles configurations familiales. Le modèle traditionnel de la famille présenté par les sociologues du XXe siècle comme un des piliers de la modernité serait-il en voie d'extinction ? Cette réflexion se révèle à la fois politique, juridique et morale.

Sujets

Informations

Publié par
Date de parution 15 mars 2017
Nombre de lectures 18
EAN13 9782140032066
Langue Français
Poids de l'ouvrage 3 Mo

Informations légales : prix de location à la page 0,1250€. Cette information est donnée uniquement à titre indicatif conformément à la législation en vigueur.

Extrait

De la famille aux familles
De la famille aux familles
Revue internationale interdisciplinaire
73 2017 RevuepubliéeavecleconcouRsducnRs /1
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