NanoOncology, An Issue of Clinics in Laboratory Medicine

Kewal Jain

Description

This issue of Clinics in Laboratory Medicine includes the following topics: Detection of cancer biomarkers by cerium oxide nanoparticles; Quantum dot-based assays for cancer biomarkers; Monoclonal antibody conjugated fluorescent magnetic nanoparticles for in vivo diagnosis of cancer; RNA quantification with gold nanoprobes for cancer diagnostics; Nanostructured silica materials for imaging in cancer; and Nanoparticle-based cancer cell sorting.

Sujets

• Medical
• Médecine
• Pathology

Informations

• Publié par: Saunders
• Date de parution: 28 mars 2012
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781455742899
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

Clinics in Laboratory Medicine , Vol. 32, No. 1, March 2012
ISSN: 0272-2712
doi: 10.1016/S0272-2712(12)00011-X

Contributors
Clinics in Laboratory Medicine
Nanobiotechnology
Dr., Kewal K. Jain, MD, FRACS, FFPM
Department of Biotechnology, Jain PharmaBiotech, Blaesiring 7, Basel 4057, Switzerland
ISSN  0272-2712
Volume 32 • Number 1 • March 2012

Table of Contents
Cover
Contributors
Forthcoming Issues
Nanobiotechnology-Based Cancer Diagnosis
RNA Quantification with Gold Nanoprobes for Cancer Diagnostics
Role of Nanodiagnostics in Personalized Cancer Therapy
Biomarkers Quantification with Antibody Arrays in Cancer Early Detection
Cancer Biomarker Detection by Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensors
Phosphorylcholine Self-Assembled Monolayer-Coated Quantum Dots: Real-Time Imaging of Live Animals by Cell Surface Mimetic Glyco-Nanoparticles
Gold Nanoparticle–Mediated Detection of Circulating Cancer Cells
Index
Clinics in Laboratory Medicine , Vol. 32, No. 1, March 2012
ISSN: 0272-2712
doi: 10.1016/S0272-2712(12)00013-3

Forthcoming Issues
Clinics in Laboratory Medicine , Vol. 32, No. 1, March 2012
ISSN: 0272-2712
doi: 10.1016/j.cll.2012.01.002

Preface
Nanobiotechnology-Based Cancer Diagnosis

Kewal K. Jain, MD, FRACS, FFPM
Department of Biotechnology, Jain PharmaBiotech, Blaesiring 7, Basel 4057, Switzerland
E-mail address: [e-mail]


Kewal K. Jain, MD, FRACS, FFPM Guest Editor
Nanobiotechnology has refined molecular diagnosis and extended the limits of detection. This is important for the laboratory diagnosis of cancer as well as for guiding treatment. Several innovations of assays for detection of cancer based on nanobiotechnology are described in this issue of Clinics in Laboratory Medicine .
Detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) enables early detection of cancer, assessment of prognosis, and monitoring of response to therapy. Methods for detection of CTCs include polymerase chain reaction, microfluidic capture, flow cytometry, and immunomagnetic separation. Bhattacharyya and coworkers describe a technique of CTC detection using antibody-targeted gold nanoparticles and photoacoustic flowmetry. The authors propose that epithelial-mesenchymal transition characteristics of a CTC will be a good predictor of its ability to metastasize and it is worthwhile to develop assays for determining this.
Biomarkers play an important role in the detection of cancer but many of the currently available biomarkers lack specificity and sensitivity. Gallotta and colleagues have shown how nanobiotechnologies combined with biochips can be used for the simultaneous detection of several cancer biomarkers with increased sensitivity and low cost. Assays have been developed for characterizing a particular DNA sequence in cancer. Baptista describes the application of gold nanoparticles for the quantitative assessment of posttranscriptional gene expression in cancer, which also plays an important role in the development of cancer. The use of nanoparticles for quantitative measurement of RNA will refine further cancer diagnosis.
Most of the detection systems for cancer biomarkers use labeling procedures, which are time-consuming and limit the number and types of analytes that can be studied simultaneously. Reddy and colleagues have presented surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based nanosensors as a label-free approach for high-throughput screening of specific biomarkers of various cancers. The authors have pointed out limitations of the application of SPR-based immunoassay of SPR in routine clinical diagnostics and the efforts that are being made to overcome these, including the use of nanoparticles.
Nanoparticle-based in vivo molecular imaging for the detection of cancer and the guidance of treatment is making rapid progress. Materials used to synthesize nanoparticles include natural proteins, glycans, polymers, dendrimers, fullerenes, and metals. Glycans are promising signal molecules for controlled targeted drug delivery of biopharmaceuticals. Nishimura and coworkers describe a method for the preparation of multifunctional QDs (PCSAM-QDs) displaying glycoconjugates with excellent solubility in aqueous solution without loss of quantum yields. Passage of PCSAM-QDs in live animals can be followed using versatile near-infrared fluorescence photometry. This novel technology has potential applications in oncology.
As pointed out in some of the articles in this issue, nanoparticle-based assays for cancer will facilitate the development of personalized oncology. Jain has reviewed the role of nanotechnology in the detection of cancer biomarkers, early diagnosis of cancer, in vivo cancer imaging, and the combination of diagnosis with therapeutics, which are important components of personalized therapy of cancer.
Clinics in Laboratory Medicine , Vol. 32, No. 1, March 2012
ISSN: 0272-2712
doi: 10.1016/j.cll.2011.09.001

RNA Quantification with Gold Nanoprobes for Cancer Diagnostics

Pedro V. Baptista, PhD *
Nanotheranostics Group at CIGMH, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
* Corresponding author. Nanothernostics Group at CIGMH, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
E-mail address: [e-mail]

Keywords
• Gold nanoparticles • RNA quantification • Cancer • Nanodiagnostics • Molecular diagnostics • RNA
Cancer is the third leading cause of death after heart disease and stroke in developed countries and the second leading cause of death after heart disease in the United States. 1 It is projected that the number of new cases of all cancers worldwide will be 12.3 million in 2010 and 15.4 million in 2020. 2 More than 1.5 million new cancer cases and about one-half million deaths from cancer are projected to occur in 2010 in the United States alone. 3 Nanotechnology, an interdisciplinary research field involving chemistry, engineering, biology, and medicine, has great potential for early detection, accurate diagnosis, and personalized treatment of cancer. 4, 5 Molecular nanodiagnostics applied to cancer may provide rapid and sensitive detection of cancer-related molecular alterations, which would enable early detection even when those alterations occur only in a small percentage of cells. The use of gold nanoparticles derivatized with thiol-modified oligonucleotides (Au-nanoprobes) for the detection of specific nucleic acid targets has been gaining momentum as an alternative to more traditional methodologies. Nevertheless, few reports exist on application of gold nanoparticles for quantitative assessment of gene expression. Here, the application of Au-nanoprobes for gene expression in cancer is discussed.

Background

Molecular Aspects in Cancer Diagnostics
Cancer is a complex group of diseases resulting from the interaction between the genome and the environment to which that same genome is exposed. Many of the molecular alterations observed in cancer originate at the DNA sequence level and can be classified as (a) germline (inherited and shared by all cells in the body) or (b) somatic (occurring during mitosis and confined to a specific cell population, tissue, and/or organ). 6 – 10 Several other molecular events may increase the risk of cancer development and progression, such as epigenetic mechanisms (eg, DNA methylation, histone modification, and micro RNA [miRNA] regulation). 11, 12 These events are not genetic alterations because they do not alter the initial DNA sequence but rather modulate the way that same sequence might be expressed into RNA and further into protein. For example, germline mutations in the TP53 and BRCA1 genes are associated with a high lifetime risk of breast and other cancers. 13, 14 TP53 is a tumor suppressor gene whose protein is produced in response to DNA damage, resulting in cell cycle arrest in G1 and induction of pathways leading to DNA repair or apoptosis. Mutation in the TP53 gene leading to decreased p53 activity may result in cells with DNA damage to override cell cycle arrest, thus continuing to replicate with damaged DNA. In the case of BRCA1, the majority of confirmed mutations generate truncated proteins that are likely to have severely reduced activity.
Chromosome instability describes an increased rate of chromosome missegregation in mitosis leading to an aberrant chromosomal state such as changes in ploidy, gain or loss of whole chromosomes (aneuploidy), or chromosomal rearrangements, all of which are hallmarks of cancers. Such an example is chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), a clonal neoplastic disease of the hematopoietic stem cell, whose hallmark molecular event is the genetic t(9;22)(q34;q11) translocation known as the Philadelphia chromosome. 15, 16 This translocation— ABL gene (chromosome 9) and BCR gene (chromosome 22)—originates a BCR-ABL fusion gene, leading to the expression of a chimeric BCR-ABL protein with tyrosine-kinase activity. 17 – 19
Genetic variations or polymorphisms existing in the human genome can also confer genetic susceptibility to cancer. The Human Genome Project made huge amounts of data available, and high numbers of genetic polymorphisms have been discovered, 20 creating unprecedented opportunities to study and understand the consequences of genetic variations. One of the great challenges of modern molecular biology is integration of genetic information into procedures that can be implemented in rapid, cost-effective, and reliable method