The Eye E-Book

Eric Pearlman, Fiona Roberts, Paul G Mcmenamin, Andrew D. Dick, John V. Forrester

Description

The Eye: Basic Sciences in Practice provides highly accessible, concise coverage of all the essential basic science required by today’s ophthalmologists and optometrists in training. It is also essential reading for those embarking on a career in visual and ophthalmic science, as well as an invaluable, current refresher for the range of practitioners working in this area.

This new fourth edition has now been fully revised and updated in line with current curricula, key research developments and clinical best practice. It succinctly incorporates the massive strides being made by genetics and functional genomics based on the Human Genome Project, the new understanding of how the microbiome affects all aspects of immunology, the remarkable progress in imaging technology now applied to anatomy and neurophysiology, as well as exciting new molecular and other diagnostic methodologies now being used in microbiology and pathology. All this and more collectively brings a wealth of new knowledge to students and practitioners in the fields of ophthalmology and visual science.

• The only all-embracing textbook of basic science suitable for trainee ophthalmologists, optometrists and vison scientists – other books concentrate on the individual areas such as anatomy.
• Attractive page design with clear, colour diagrams and text boxes make this a much more accessible book to learn from than many postgraduate textbooks.
• Presents in a readable form an account of all the basic sciences necessary for an understanding of the eye – anatomy, embryology, genetics, biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology, immunology, microbiology and infection and pathology.

• More on molecular pathology.
• Thorough updating of the sections on pathology, immunology, pharmacology and immunology.
• Revision of all other chapters.
• More colour illustrations
• Comes with complete electronic version

Sujets

• Médecine
• Médecine Générale
• Medical

Informations

• Publié par: Saunders Ltd.
• Date de parution: 19 février 2015
• Nombre de lectures: 5
• EAN13: 9780702055539
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 15 Mo

Extrait

The Eye

Basic Sciences in Practice

4T H EDI T I O N

John V. Forrester, MB ChB MD FRCS(Ed) FRCP(Glasg)(Hon) FRCOphth(Hon) FMedSci FRSE FARVO Professor of Ophthalmology and Head of Department of Ophthalmology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK; Section of Immunology and Infection, University of Aberdeen, UK; Ocular Immunology Program, The University of Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Western Australia, Australia Andrew D. Dick, BSc MB BS MD FRCP FRCS FRCOphth FMedSci FARVO Professor of Ophthalmology and Head of Academic Unit of Ophthalmology University of Bristol Bristol, UK Paul G. McMenamin, BSc MSc(MedSci) DSc (Med) PhD Director of Centre for Human Anatomy Education, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Fiona Roberts, BSc MB ChB MD FRCPath Consultant Ophthalmic Pathologist and Honorary Senior Lecturer in Pathology University Department of Pathology Southern General Hospital Glasgow, UK Eric Pearlman BSc PhD Director, Institute of Immunology

Professor, Departments of Ophthalmology and Physiol ogy, University of California, Irvine Professor and Director of Research in the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio

ED I N BURGH LO N D O N N EW YO RK LOUIS SYDNEY TORONTO 2016 To Anne, Lindsey, Christine and Lucy Senior Content Strategist:Jeremy Bowes Content Development Specialist:Helen Leng Project Manager:Andrew Riley Designer:Miles Hitchen Illustration manager:Amy Naylor Illustrator:Electronic Publishing Services, Inc.

O XFO RD

PHI LA D ELPHI A

S T

Table of contents

Cover image

Title page

Copyright

Preface

Acknowledgements

Chapter 1 Anatomy of the eye and orbit Anatomical terms of reference Osteology of the skull and orbits

Structure of the eye

Orbital contents

Cranial nerves associated with the eye and orbit

Ocular appendages (adnexa)

Anatomy of the visual pathway

Further Reading

Chapter 2 Embryology and early development of the eye and adnexa Introduction General embryology

Ocular embryology: general introduction

Periocular mesenchyme is derived from a mixture of neural crest and mesoderm

The neural retina and retinal pigment epithelium are derived from neuroepithelium

Optic nerve and disk development

Development of the fibrous coat of the eye

Development of the intraocular contents

Development of the uveal tract

Development of the anterior chamber angle and aqueous outflow pathways

Development of the extraocular muscles

Development of the eyes and surrounding structures is influenced by the pattern of development of the skull, pharyngeal arches and face

Further Reading

Chapter 3 Genetics Chromosomes and cell division Molecular genetics (DNA and genes)

Chromosome defects and gene mutations

Clinical genetics

Population genetics

Understanding the human genome: DNA analysis

Molecular biology and clinical medicine

Molecular and cell biology: controlling cell destiny

Molecular genetics and ophthalmology

Further Reading

Chapter 4 Biochemistry and cell biology

Introduction

Cells and tissues

Biochemical pathways that affect ocular function

The ocular surface

Cornea and sclera Uveal tract Aqueous humour dynamics The lens The vitreous The retina The chemistry of the visual response

Conclusion Further Reading

Chapter 5 Physiology of vision and the visual system Introduction Light detection and dark adaptation

Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity

Electrophysiology of the visual system

Colour vision

Visual perception

Division of labour in the visual system: parcellation and the human connectome

Physiology of ocular movement Conclusion Further Reading

Chapter 6 General and ocular pharmacology Introduction Pharmacokinetics: drug trafficking in the body

Pharmacodynamics: drug handling by the body

Drug–receptor interactions

Ocular pharmacology: drug handling by cells and tissues of the eye

Delivery methods of ocular medication

Reconstituting the tear film

Ocular drugs and the autonomic nervous system

Clinical control of intraocular pressure exploits the adrenergic system

The histaminergic system: histamine is released from conjunctival mast cells during allergic reactions

Eicosanoids affect multiple ocular functions

Serotonin: a potent neurotransmitter

Glucocorticoids Immunosuppressant agents: combating ocular inflammatory disease Local anaesthetics: an integral part of ophthalmic examination and surgery

Ocular toxicity from systemic administration of drugs

Further Reading

Chapter 7 Immunology Introduction Overview of the immune system

Cells and molecules of the immune system

Initial response of the host to injury (the innate immune response)

Development of adaptive immunity and immunological memory

Effector mechanisms

Organization of the immune system

Antigen recognition

The major histocompatibility system

T-cell activation

B-cell activation

Immunological tolerance and autoimmunity

Allergy and immediate hypersensitivity

Organ and tissue transplantation

Tumours induce immune responses

The eye and the immune system Conclusion Further Reading

Chapter 8 Microbial infections of the eye Introduction Microbes in the environment

Host defences at the ocular surface

Adaptive immunity to microbial infection

Ocular infections worldwide

Ocular infections in developing countries Conclusion Further Reading

Chapter 9 Pathology Introduction Cell and tissue damage

Healing and repair

Inflammation

Metabolic disease

Ageing, degeneration and dystrophies Neoplasia Further Reading

Index

Copyright

© 2016 Elsevier Limited. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the publisher's permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website:www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the publisher (other than as may be noted herein). First edition 1996 Second edition 2002 Third edition 2008 Fourth edition 2016 ISBN 978-0-7020-5554-6 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best

treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.

Printed in China