Zimbabwe's Exodus

Description

The ongoing crisis in Zimbabwe has led to an unprecedented exodus of over a million desperate people from all strata of Zimbabwean society. The Zimbabwean diaspora is now truly global in extent. Yet rather than turning their backs on Zimbabwe, most maintain very close links with the country, returning often and remitting billions of dollars each year. Zimbabwe's Exodus. Crisis, Migration, Survival is written by leading migration scholars many from the Zimbabwean diaspora. The book explores the relationship between Zimbabwe's economic and political crisis and migration as a survival strategy. The book includes personal stories of ordinary Zimbabweans living and working in other countries, who describe the hotility and xenophobia they often experience.

Sujets

• Sociologie, société et politique
• Sociology

Informations

• Publié par: Southern African Migration Programme
• Date de parution: 01 juillet 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781552504994
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 5 Mo

Extrait

Edited by Jonathan Crush and Daniel Tevera

Southern African Migration Programme (SAMP) Kingston • Cape Town

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Ottawa • Cairo • Dakar • Montevideo • Nairobi • New Delhi • Singapore

Published by SAMP, Cape Town and IDRC, Ottawa

Southern African Migration Programme Canada 152 Albert Street Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada

www.queensu.ca/samp/ [e-mail]

Southern African Migration Programme Southern Africa 6 Spin Street Church Square Cape Town

International Development Research Centre PO Box 8500 Ottawa, ON K1G 3H9 Canada

www.idrc.ca [e-mail]

ISBN 9781552504994 (ebook)

ISBN 9781920409227

© Copyright SAMP

First published 2010

Cover by Joan Baker and Jacana Media Layout by Joan Baker, waterberry designs cc Production by Idasa Publishing

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without prior permission from the publishers.

Bound and printed by Unity Press, Cape Town

Contents

Foreword

Acknowledgements

Acronyms

Chapter One Exiting Zimbabwe Jonathan Crush and Daniel Tevera

Chapter Two A History of Zimbabwean Migration to 1990 Alois S. Mlambo

Chapter Three Internal Migration in Zimbabwe: The Impact of Livelihood Destruction in Rural and Urban Areas Deborah Potts

Chapter Four Discontent and Departure: Attitudes of Skilled Zimbabweans Towards Emigration Daniel Tevera and Jonathan Crush

Chapter Five Nursing the Health System: The Migration of Health Professionals from Zimbabwe Abel Chikanda

Chapter Six Transnational Lives: The Experience of Zimbabweans in Britain Alice Bloch

i

x

xi

xii

5

1

2

79

112

133

156

ZIMBABWE ’ SEXODUS : CRISIS , MIGRATION , SURVIVAL

Chapter Seven Between Obligation, Prot and Shame: Zimbabwean Migrants and the UK Care Industry JoAnn McGregor

Chapter Eight Regendering the Zimbabwean Diaspora in Britain Dominic Pasura

Chapter Nine Zimbabwe in Johannesburg Daniel Makina

Chapter Ten Zimbabweans on the Farms of Northern South Africa Blair Rutherford

Chapter Eleven The Voices of Migrant Zimbabwean Women in South Africa Kate LefkoEverett

Chapter Twelve Smuggling on the Zimbabwe–Mozambique Border Nedson Pophiwa

Chapter Thirteen Migrant Remittances and Household Survival in Zimbabwe Daniel Tevera, Jonathan Crush and Abel Chikanda

Chapter Fourteen Remittances, Informalisation and Dispossession in Urban Zimbabwe Sarah Bracking and Lloyd Sachikonye

Chapter Fifteen Transnationalism and Undocumented Migration Between Rural Zimbabwe and South Africa France Maphosa

Chapter Sixteen Metaphors of Migration: Zimbabwean Migrants in the South African Media Aquilina Mawadza and Jonathan Crush

Chapter Seventeen Silence and Fragmentation: South African Responses to Zimbabwean Migration Tara Polzer Contributors

Index

IV

179

207

225

244

269

291

307

324

346

363

377

400

401

List of figures

LISTOFFIGURESANDLISTOFTABLES

Figure 1.1:Recorded CrossBorder Movement from Zimbabwe to South Africa, 19832008 Figure 4.1: Emigration Potential by Age Group Figure 5.1: Zimbabwean Health Professionals in the UK, 19952003 Figure 5.2:Nurses in Zimbabwe, 19952001 Registered Figure 5.3:Nurses Registered in the United Kingdom, Zimbabwean 19982007 Figure 5.4:Stepwise Migration of Zimbabwean Nurse Professionals The Figure 5.5:of Nurses in the Public Health Sector, 19912000 Number Figure 5.6:versus Private Sector Share of Nurses Public Figure 6.1: Zimbabwean Applications for Asylum in the UK (Excluding Dependants), 1998 to 2006 Figure 6.2:for Leaving Zimbabwe Reasons Figure 6.3:and PostMigration Employment Pre Figure 6.4: Numbers of Hours Worked Per Week Figure 6.5: Conditions for Return to Zimbabwe Figure 6.6: Changes That Would Encourage Development Contribution Figure 9.1:Arrivals in Johannesburg Annual Figure 9.2:Zimbabwean Population in Johannesburg Cumulative Figure 9.3:versus Political Reasons for Migration Economic Figure 9.4:Arrivals in Johannesburg by Sex Annual Figure 9.5: Age Prole of Zimbabwean Migrants in Johannesburg Figure 13.1:Average Share of Expenses Paid from Remittances Figure 14.1:Monthly Average Household Income Figure 14.2:Relationship of Remitters to Recipients in LowDensity Harare

List of tables Table 1.1:of Zimbabwean Migrants Within SADC Location Table 1.2: Zimbabwean Migrant Stock by Region Table 1.3:of Zimbabweans in South Africa, 2001 Location Table 1.4:Purpose of Entry from Zimbabwe to South Africa, 20028 Stated Table 1.5: Zimbabwean Entrants to United Kingdom, 20027 Table 1.6:of Migratory Experience Length

5 120 137 138

139 140 142 143

157 159 162 166 170 172 226 227 229 231 232 316 327

330

6 7 8 8 9 10

V

ZIMBABWE ’ SEXODUS : CRISIS , MIGRATION , SURVIVAL

Table 1.7: Demographic Prole of Migrants Table 1.8: Occupational Prole of Zimbabweans Table 1.9:of Return Frequency Table 1.10: Sex of International Migrants, 2005 Table 2.1:Population Increase 18911969 White Table 2.2: White Population by Country of Birth, 19011956 Table 2.3:Population by Country of Birth, 1969 White Table 2.4:Net Migration and Natural Increase, 19011969 White Table 2.5: White Population Sex Ratio, 19011956 Table 2.6:Composition of Population, 19111951 Racial Table 2.7:White Migration, 19211964 Net Table 2.8: Net White Migration, 19721979 Table 2.9: Africans Employed in Mining, 190610 Table 2.10: African Population by Nationality, Salisbury, 19111969 Table 2.11: Origin of African Male Employees in Zimbabwe, 19111951 Table 2.12: Foreign Workers in Zimbabwe, 1956 Table 2.13: Foreign Workers in Commercial Agriculture, 194174 Table 2.14: Contract Labour Migration to South African Mines, 192090 Table 2.15: Foreign Black Workers Employed Legally in South Africa Table 2.16: Immigrants to Zimbabwe by Category, 19781987 Table 3.1:Population Growth Rates,19822002 Urban Table 3.2:Provincial Population Distribution by LandUse Category, 1992 and 2002 Table 3.3: Provincial Population Growth Indices, 19922002 Table 3.4: Interprovincial Lifetime Migration, 2002 Table 3.5:Interprovincial Migration, 2002 InterCensal, Table 4.1: Employment Sectors of Professionals Table 4.2:of Professionals’ Race and Residence Distribution Table 4.3:and Sex of Professionals Age Table 4.4:Prole of Students Demographic Table 4.5: Commitment to Emigrate Amongst Skilled Zimbabweans Table 4.6: Potential Destinations of Emigrants from Zimbabwe Table 4.7:with the Quality of Life in Zimbabwe Satisfaction Table 4.8: Perceptions of Future Conditions in Zimbabwe Table 4.9: Comparison Between Zimbabwe and Most Likely Destination

VI

11 12 13 17 55 57 58 58 59 59 60 62 64 65 66 67 67 68 69 71 82

84 88 91 93 115 116 116 118 121 124 125 126 127

LISTOFTABLES

Table 4.10: Student Satisfaction/Expectations about Economic Conditions 128 Table 5.1: Prole 135of Nurses Table 5.2: Distribution 136of ZimbabweTrained Nurses, 2005 Table 5.3:Nurses, 19972000 140 Registered Table 5.4:Stafng Patterns at Selected Public Health Institutions 144 Nurse Table 5.5:145Likely Destinations of Zimbabwean Migrants  Most Table 5.6:146for Intention to Move  Reasons Table 5.7:Attendance at Selected Health Institutions Patient in Zimbabwe, 19952000 149 Table 6.1:160 Current Immigration Status Table 6.2:163 Most Recent Job Prior to Emigration Table 6.3:or Most Recent Job in the UK  Current 164 Table 6.4:to Zimbabwe from UK  Remittances 169 Table 6.5: Potential Contributions to Development in Zimbabwe 171 Table 9.1: Location of Zimbabweans in Johannesburg, 2001 228 Table 9.2:228Population in South Africa, 20012007  Zimbabwean Table 9.3:230Areas of Zimbabweans in Johannesburg  Source Table 9.4:231 Age Prole of Zimbabweans in Johannesburg Table 9.5:233 Age Prole of Zimbabwean Migrants by Sex Table 9.6:Prole of Zimbabweans in Johannesburg  Educational 234 Table 9.7:235Migrant Employment in Johannesburg Table 9.8:Earnings in Johannesburg 237 Migrant Table 9.9: Number of Dependants Supported in Zimbabwe and South Africa 237 Table 9.10: Remittances to Zimbabwe from Johannesburg 237 Table 9.11: Migrant Savings 238 Table 9.12:239 Probability of Return Migration Table 10.1:249 Age Distribution of Farmworkers Table 10.2: Educational Level of Farmworkers 250 Table10.3: Marital and Provider Status of Farmworkers 250 Table 10.4: Documents Used to Enter South Africa 252 Table 10.5: Years Worked on Farm 252 Table 10.6:253 Previous Job in Zimbabwe Table 10.7: Farm Jobs by Sex 256 Table 10.8: Monthly Wages 256 Table 10.9:261 Number of People Supported in Zimbabwe

VII

ZIMBABWE ’ SEXODUS : CRISIS , MIGRATION , SURVIVAL

Table 13.1: Annual Remittances by Frequency of Remitting Table 13.2:Main Remittance Channels Table 13.3: Amount Brought Home on Last Visit Table 13.4: Preferred Methods of Remitting Goods Table 13.5: Value of Goods Brought Home Table 13.6: Annual Remittances by Migrant Destination Table 13.7: Annual Cash Remittances by Occupation Table 13.8: Annual Cash Remittances by Skill Level Table 13.9: Perceived Importance of Remittances to Household Table 13.10:ocemhelodnIHous Table 13.11:PreedIceivtancmpormeRfoesecnattiusHootdoleh Table 13.12:attisecnxEpenditureofRem Table 13.13:dexyInvertooFPod Table 13.14:Lived Poverty Index Table 14.1: Sex and Location of Respondents Table 14.2: Monthly Average Household Income by Type of Suburb Table 14.3: Receiving Households, 2005 and 2006 Table 14.4: Households Receiving Goods and/or Money by Suburb, 2005 and 2006 Table 14.5:Primary Remitter to Household Relationship of Table 14.6: Relationship to Sender Table 14.7: Timing of Most Recent Receipt Table 14.8:Regularity of Receipt of Money Table 14.9: Main Remittance Channel for Goods Table 14.10:ElaxptinafnoCrociohfoeeofModnsitTraoGdoofs Table 14.11:neanChCrofslismeecRnahtsat Table 14.12:ChyneMosdteohgnMnaig Table 14.13:sVrnitisfouteRuqerycneF Table 14.14:secybedrtanttmiReleSuppoofPeopuNbmre

VIII

308 309 310 311 311 312 313 314 315 315 317 317 318 319 326 327 328

329 330 331 332 332 333 334 334 335 337 338

Foreword

Stories about migration are full of stereotypes and oversimplication. “Aliens” invade “our” country, bringing a foreign culture; people uproot their lives and move in response to shifts in relative wages; remittances promote economic development “back home.” Often, there is a grain of truth behind these ideas. Migration does bring about a min gling of cultures; relative wage rates do matter; and remittances have helped nance new capital formation. But the grain of truth is most often enveloped, and overpowered, by myths, exaggerations and selective use of evidence, both inadvertent and – some times – deliberate. Both pro and antimigration orthodoxies suffer from these faults.

Zimbabwe’s Exodus: Crisis, Migration, Survivalis both an easy and a challenging book to read. It is easy because it is wellorganised and wellwritten, drawing on leading experts and the latest research in the eld. It is challenging precisely for the reasons that make it a successful and important book, because it dissects myths, analyses ste reotypes, and reveals the complexities and ambiguities of the very difcult questions it addresses. Neither pro nor antimigration orthodoxies are spared.

I appreciate this book for three other reasons as well. First, it situates the recent migra tion out of Zimbabwe in its proper historical context. In most of the western media, the decline of Zimbabwe dates from and is attributed to the land reforms of 20002003. This book clearly situates the migration question in a generalised socioeconomic decline that was underway for a decade before that. Zimbabwe’s long history as a site of migra tion, to and from other countries and within the country, is appropriately highlighted, as is the question of borders, both international and, in colonial times, internal borders within the then Rhodesia.