Mongols: Russia: Golden Horde Defeated Kievan Rus Capital: Sarai ...

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Mongols:

Russia: Golden Horde

Defeated Kievan Rus

Capital: Sarai Batu

-Mouth of the Volga River – caravan route – Central Asia

Ruled Russia from a distance

Left Orthodox Church from a distance – granted privileges

Russian princes ruled through Mongols

Golden Horde – get as much tax revenue as possible

Prince Alexander of Novgorod helped Mongols – conquest of Russia

-Novgorod and Moscow – favored

Ruled by Prince Alexander’s Brother

Mongol devastation of countryside

Result: Moscow became the new center of Russian civilization

Some historians: Mongols – negative impact on Russia

Economic depression and cultural isolation

Other historians: Kiev already in decline before Mongols: Over-taxation

and Structure of Russian government did not change much under Mongol

rule

Ivan III

“Ivan the Great” ended Mongol rule (1480)

Title = tsar

“Ivan the Great” (1462-1505)

1

st

Russian Czar.

Created a strong, unified Russian state.

Ended tribute to Mongols (1480).

Built strong government (absolute rule).

Czar – Russian term for emperor.

New States:

Europe divided between Papacy’s political offices and Roman Emperor

Frederick II

-Threatened with excommunication unless he helped with military

campaigns of capturing Jerusalem.

-Conspired with the Mamluks in Egypt

Eastern Europe:

Especially Hungary and Poland – faced Mongol attacks alone