Keeping track of our changing environment. From Rio to Rio+20 (1992-2012).

Nations Unies Programme Des Nations Unies Pour L'Environnement

Description

Ce rapport retrace l'état de la planète et les changements environnementaux qui se sont produits en vingt ans, depuis le Sommet de Rio 1992 : l'évolution démographique, le développement humain, l'accumulation rapide des gaz à effet de serre, l'érosion de la biodiversité et l'augmentation trop rapide de l'utilisation des ressources naturelles. Parallèlement, il montre qu'il existe des solutions pour modifier de manière radicale les trajectoires dangereuses qui menacent notre bien-être. Illustré de nombreuses données scientifiques, de graphiques et d'images satellites, il propose une panoplie d'informations sur des questions environnementales de premier plan (changement climatique, énergie, forêts, sécurité alimentaire, gestion des ressources naturelles, etc.)
Nairobi. http://temis.documentation.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/document.xsp?id=Temis-0075008

Sujets

• Environnement
• Agriculture
• EAU
• Énergie
• Forêt
• Industrie
• PIB
• Population
• Composé chimique

Informations

• Publié par: temis-developpement-durable
• Publié le: 01 janvier 2011
• Nombre de lectures: 16
• Licence : En savoir +
  Paternité, pas d'utilisation commerciale, partage des conditions initiales à l'identique
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 4 Mo

Extrait

0.4˚C 300 million ha forest area loss + Globalization

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© 2011 United Nations Environment Programme

Publication: Keeping Track of Our Changing Environment: From Rio to Rio+20 (1992-2012) United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi. Published October 2011 ISBN: 978-92-807-3190-3 Job Number: DEW/1234/NA

This Report has been prepared within the framework of UNEPsfth Global Environment Outlook (GEO-5) reporting process. It complements the detailed information on the status and trends of the global environment and information on related policy measu res.

Disclaimers

The content and views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reect the views or policies, or carry the endorsement of the contributory organisations or the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP conc erning the legal status of any country, territory or city or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers and boundari es. Reference to a commercial company or product in this publication does not imply the endorsement of UNEP.

© Maps, photos, and illustrations as specied.

Reproduction This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-prot purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP would appreciate receiving a copy of any public ation that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose whats oever without prior permission in writing from UNEP. Applications for such permission, with a statement of purpose and intent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Division of Communications and Public Information (DCPI), UNEP, P.O. Box 30552, Nairobi 00 100, Kenya. The use of information from this publication concerning proprietary products for publicity or advertising is not permitt ed.

This publication was printed on 100 Per Cent chlorine free paper from sustainable managed forests using vegetable inks and water-based varnish.

Citation UNEP (2011). Keeping Track of Our Changing Environment: From Rio to Rio+20 (1992-2012). Division of Early Warning and Assessment (DEWA), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Nairobi

Produced by UNEP Division of Early Warning and Assessment United Nations Environment Programme P.O. Box 30552 Nairobi, 00100, Kenya

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Keeping Track of Our Changing Environment From Rio to Rio+20 (1992-2012)

FçêÉïçêÇ In 1992, the first United Nations Conference on Sustainable graphs show upward and downward trends, which, along with satellite Development, popularly known as the Rio Earth Summit, was convened images, tell the story of dramatic changes. in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil to address the state of the environment and  Maintaining a healthy environment remains one of the grea gl bal sustainable development.  The Earth Summit yielded several important  challenges. Without dand rapid collective action to te  c st urb  o and  agreements including “Agenda 21”, a plan of action adopted by over  decouple resource d c e o p n l c e e t r i t o e n    and the generation of pollution from  178 governments to address human impacts on the environment at  economic growth, huma ivities may destroy the very environment local, national and global levels, and key treaties on climate change,  n act desertification and biodiversity. At the second Conference in 2002—the that supports economies and sustains life. World Summit on Sustainable Development—governments agreed  The upcoming Rio+20 Conference presents a timely, global-level on the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation, reaffirming their commitment to Agenda 21.  In 2012, the United Nations Conference  p o r p o p g o r r e t s u s  n a it n y d     t g o  a a p d s  d i r n e  i ss m   p o l n e e m  o e f n   t i i t n s  g o  g w o n a   l s s t   a a t s e   d p   a o rt b   j o e f  c a ti n v   e a s c :  c t e o l   e a ra s t s i e o ss n     on Sustainable Development, or Rio+20 Earth Summit, will focus on the Green Economy in the context of sustainable development,  and scaling-up of transformative actions, programmes and policies. As poverty eradication, and the institutional framework for sustainable  a w n e d     m in o t v e e g  t r o at w e a d r   d w s  o t r h l e d   , R   i t o he +   2 n 0 e   e C d o   n t f o e   r c e h n a c r e t   i p n r   o a g n r   e e s v s e   r t - o m w o a r r e d   s g   l a o   b g a l l o is b e a d l    development. The object is to renew political commitment to sustainable development, review progress and identify implementation Green Economy and more efficient and effective international gaps, and address new and emerging challenges. e o n u v r  ir e o n n vi m ro e n nt m al e   n g t o a v l  e g r o n a a l n s  c c e a  b n e n c o o t t m u e r s n    t vi h t e al o . r   y W  i i n t t h o o  r u e t  a q li u t a y. n   t N i u fie m d e  t r a ic r   g a e n ts d ,     This publication serves as a timely update on what has occurred  time-bound targets have certainly aided in progress made towards the since the Earth Summit of 1992 and is part of the wider Global  Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), for example, and should be Environment Outlook-5 (GEO-5) preparations that will lead to the  applied towards our environmental objectives as well. release of the landmark GEO-5 report in May 2012. It underlines  This publication helps to tell the story of where the world was 20 how in just twenty years, the world has changed more than most of us could ever have imagined—geopolitically, economically, socially  d y i e r a e r c s t   i a o g n o  i   n a   n w d h   i w c h h  er w e e     w ne e  e c d o  t ll o e   c m ti o v v e e l   y i   n s   t a a   n p d o   s t t o - d R a io y, +  a 2 n 0 d  w t o o  rl s d h .  o It w     a t ls h o e     and environmentally. Very few individuals outside academic and  highlights the missing pieces in our knowledge about the state of research communities envisaged the rapid pace of change or foresaw  environment— such as those related to freshwater quality and quantity, developments such as the phenomenal growth in information and communication technologies, ever-accelerating globalisation, private  d gr e o g u ra n d d  at w io at n e , r     c d h e e pl m e i t c io al n s ,     a e n c d o   s w ys a t s e te m  — se d rv u i e c  t e o s,  l  l a o c s k s     o o f f     r n e a g tu ul r a al r     h m a o bi n t i a t t o ,  r l i a n n g d ,    sector investments across the world and the rapid economic rise of a number of “developing” countries. Many rapid changes have also  e c n ol v l i e r c o t n io m n e   n a t n a d l    m co on m it p o il r a i t n i g o   n r   e o m f  a d in a s t   a i . n  S a c d i e e q n u ti a fi t c e  a a ll n y d -   c t r h e e d   i c b h l a e l   l d e a n t g a e     f o o f r     taken place in our environment, from the accumulating evidence of climate change and its very visible impacts on our planet, to  n b e u e il d d s i   n u g r   g i e n- n c t o at u t n e t n r t y i   o c n a .  pacity to produce better policy-relevant data  biodiversity loss and species extinctions, further degradation of land s b urfac s e o s a m n e d  i  t m he p   r d o e v t e er m io e r n a t t s i   n i g n     q th u e a   li e ty n   v o i f r   o o n ce m a e n n s t .  a   l C  r e e rt a a l i m nl ,  y, s  t u h c e h r   e a   s h   a th ve e     We hope this report will inform all those participating in the Rio+20  een events  and the entire process and help set the world on a path towards significant reduction in ozone-depleting chemicals and the emergence  a more sustainable environment. of renewable energy sources, new investments into which totalled more than $200 thousand million in 2010. But in too many areas, the environmental dials continue to head into the red.

This innovative report is based entirely on statistical data and indicators and shows where the world stands on many social, economic and environmental issues as we enter the second decade of the 21st century.  Drivers of environmental change including population increase and economic growth, and especially the status of natural resources and landscapes, are clearly illustrated. Numbers plotted on straightforward

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TaÄäÉ çÑ CçåíÉåíë   Éê  cIédèåâàéSc& à Éâeäâ  03 Warmest Years on Record 64 Saudi Arabia Irrigation Project (Satellite Image)  31 es Global T by Latitude Earth   ê ce R SÉà992?Éâ 1 ÇW ëeN ç éa Ocean Temperatn peem a t t u i r o a  D C e r v e i n u g r h e a       5 6 6 6 F ciimraO nagr uHim drTorspi  nlected C ng  Se alicop   23   êÉÉ eéåÅÉàç Çe é âG &aTÜa ç    32 Global Mean Sea Level  Area Countries,  àébâÜGE ÜaåÉêàeáàâ  33noitacfiidicAn eaOc  lcneM sa saB GlacierMountain     66  igeArn ea rtnu,sei     nahC leS  loCipacT ormudiin Hops d Crecte    43 a    PâäèÜaéÉâà  &èHaá àeDeêâÜáäéàe  53 Arctic Sea Ice Extent September  67 Grazing Animal Herds  2 Total Population  35 Arctic Sea Ice Extent (Satellite Image) September  FÉçÇeåÉeç  2 Historical World Population F éçeçâå  69 Exploitation of Fish Stocks     3  n  Growth Rate Population  3 4  Urban Population   7 37eroFE tsnetxt ge  Mangrove   oFertsN teC ah       70 0 71 7 Catch a FishluuterP dnA uqcanduroioct   Tuna ches Cat  liFoTattahchsC  5  Megacities  83 Mato (Satellite Grosso, Am e I  5 Top 10 Megacities  39 gamonazai Rornft es atitnoE txnet )  Forest Plan  72 Shrimp and Prawn Aquacultures (Satellite Image)  6 Population in China’s Pearl River Delta   39 Roundwood ProductionEàeåÅì  (Satellite Image)  Certified Forest Area    47 Energy Consumption per Capita - Total  7 People Living in Slums  04 Energy Consumption per Capita - Change  8 Age Distribution éaåe  W  47   8 Life Expectancy  42 Improved Sanitation & Drinking Water Coverage     75 75 EctleytP irictcoiorud Ele n cityctritcudorP  rep noitapiCa  9 Food Supply  34 Marshlands (Satellite Image) Mesopotamian  76 Nightlight  10 Development Index Human é  11 Proportion of Seats Held by Women  ìçÉeåÉêâdBÉ   s  in National Parliaments     46 45 ist Indexd L R dext InalengnP iLiv        87 77 87 tola,yT pulpygS Enerble newa Re ylppuS ygrenE rymari P lpahC ygrepuS blwaEne  neRe e   Ecâàâáì  47 Areas, Total Area Protected  79  nge y,  Production Biofuels   31 GDP per Capita, Total  74 Protected Areas, Per cent  80 in Sustainable Energy Investment  13 per Capita, Change GDP   CÇeáÉcaÜç&  Waçée  18 Nuclear Power Plants  14 Capita Gross Domestic Product Per  49 Oil S ills f  41 Domestic Product–per Capita (Map) Gross  05norPdocuit pnkTam ro P  sre  scitsal  81ectr El atellite Ima  N &leuc SarrehaticirP ycudonoit  51 Trade  82 Sands (S ge) Oil  1 6Global Materials Extraction   aNèéådçåaÜ Haîa åaàç  mpacts of Natural Disasters   ì, TèçéåIàdáçèâÉå& T âäéå 52 I

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  AéáâçäÇeåe  21 Emissions of CO - Total 2  21 Emissions of CO - per Capita 2  22 Emissions Total, by Type - of CO 2  22 Emissions of CO - Change, by Type 2  32 GDP Emissions of CO per 2  42 Emitters by Sector GHG  25 Consumption of Ozone-Depleting Substances  52 Ozone Hole, Area and Minimum Ozone  62 Hole Images Ozone  CÜÉáaée CÇaàÅe  82 Concentration/Keeling Curve Atmospheric CO 2  29 Global Annual Mean Temperature Anomaly  29 Temperature Deviation 2000-2009 vs. Mean    1951-1980 (Map)

 48 & Steel Production Cement  52 Natural Disasters Reported  58 A  53 Floods–Mortality Risk, Exposure and Vulnerability  86ivrrsalisur Am, port   ir Trans oian loTnIetnrta  35 Cyclones - Mortality Risk, Exposure Tropical    TecÇàâÜâÅì  and Vulnerability  88 Internet Users & Mobile Phone Subscribers   Gâêeåàaàce  55 Environmental Agreements, Number Multilateral    90   EäÉÜâÅèe  and Signatories DaéaS åceç  55 of MEAs Signed (Map) Number  91  âè    56 ISO 14001 Certifications   93 eç eReÄeåcà  57 Carbon Market Size  58 Foreign Aid and Environmental Aid Total   93  Acåâàìáç 5 9 Aid Allocated to Environmental Activities 7 9 eT ÉàÇc ÜaceéâNç   AÅåÉcèÜéèåe  61 Food Production Index   98 T dÉ  âàà A Äeí Aâå  26 Cereal Production, Area Harvested  ç êàE àâåÉàéáe AaÜÉêcéÉeÉé  and Fertilizer Consumption 99 A ÖcâàÜëdeáÅeàéç     36 Total Area Equipped for Irrigation

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This publication was conceived with the idea of showing how indicator charts are only presented for areasTo ensure reliability, the planet has changed in two decades—just twenty years— where all three data requirements were met. For areas where since decision-makers met at the United Nations Conference one or another of the criteria was not met, such as freshwater on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro. To water availability, groundwater depletion, land degradation and relay this information in a compelling and succinct manner, chemicals and waste, any analysis might not be reliable, and so environmental and related trends are charted and presented trends are not provided. Also, the availability of data related to using globally-aggregated (and mainly statistical) data sets the environment and natural resources that are disaggregated collected by international agencies, research bodies and other by gender (i.e., qualitatively) or sex (i.e., quantitatively) is official entities. generally poor, especially for developing countries.

Major economic, environmental, social and technological trends are shown through numerically-based graphs, with their upward, downward or stable trend lines as dictated by the data. While most of these trends speak for themselves, short explanations of the phenomena observed are also provided for further elucidation. Also included are a number of illustrative “before and after” satellite images, primarily covering the same time period of 1992-2010 and showing environmental changes at the local level. In some cases, these impacts are ongoing.

Scâäe aàd MeéÇâdâÜâÅì Most of the time-series data were collected directly from countries and aggregated to regional and global levels by authoritative international agencies. The time series indicators presented here are based on the best and most comprehensive data available to date.

The implications of any shortcomings in the data are clear. To promote evidence-based environmental policies and actions, the underlying data needed to support sound decision-making must be part of the equation and be of proven scientific quality. Today, there are several reasons why the quality of international statistics varies greatly. First, statistics may not be available at the national level; second, the statistics that are collected may be of poor quality or outdated; and third, the comparability of statistics over time inherently presents challenges. These deficiencies and issues demonstrate the need for a comprehensive data and information system to optimally manage the vast array of related policy, scientific, technical, methodological and practical issues. For this to be achieved, the following steps are necessary:

(1) strengthen national-level capacity for collecting and compiling environmental observations, especially where data gaps exist;

(2) publish and provide access to data using various media; and

(3) develop services to efficiently and rapidly provide information to decision-makers in (an) understandable format(s).

Three main criteria were used to select the indicators employed in this publication. First, an approximately 20-year temporal data record on which the trend charts could be based was required, so as to accurately portray the time period in question. In a few cases (and particularly for recent phenomena such as carbon trading), a correspondingly shorter time period was used  Thus, a comprehensive capability at the global scale is needed to provide at least a partial picture to date. Second, the data on i w s, h   i c c o h v  t e h ri e n  c g  h a a ll r   t o s  r a  a r t e     l b e a a s st e   d m  h o a st d     c t o o  u b n e t   r g i l e o s  b s a o l     a in s    t c o o  r v e e p r r a e g s e e — nt t  t h h a e t    t t h o  at p   u a l r l e     to av g a e i t l h a e b r l   e a ,  n a d  n a d n  t a o l   y e z n e h  t a h n e c   e w  d ea at lt a h     c o o f l   l d ec a t t i a o   n c   o f l o l r e   c a ti r o ea n s s     where information may be lacking. Within these limitations, it t e o n   t b ir e e c   l w e o ar r l l y d     s a o n u d r   c n e o d t     a o n nl d y t   a c k er e t n a   i fr n o r m eg a io ut n h s. o   r T i h ta ir ti d v , e t   h a e n   d d r a e t l a i   a h b a l d e     is hoped that this publication provides a clear and reasonably institutions with extensive experience in the thematic areas  comprehensive twenty-year story on the state and trends in treated in each case.  environment and development since 1992.

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In the twenty years since the first Earth Summit in 1992, the Perhaps the ways in which our environment has changed are world has changed in ways most of us could not imagine. not so immediately obvious to everyone, but they are at least as The Internet, mobile phones and other information and significant. Natural resources are being depleted or degraded— communications technologies have made the world a much sometimes before we realize it—and certain metals seem to smaller place—and more of a ‘globalized village’. An estimated all of a sudden. The ever-increasing demandbecome “rare” five billion people have subscribed to mobile phone services for resources such as water, energy, food, minerals and land and there are some two billion Internet users worldwide. Social is driven by growing populations with rising incomes, while media have further increased connectivity in recent years, with in parallel these resources are increasingly constrained by Facebook, for example, having more than 800 million users ecosystem changes, inherent variability of weather conditions since it was launched in 2004. At the same time, space-based and resource productivity, and the impacts of climate change. satellites can now even zoom in to street level, and provide  Within the context of the “mega-trends” taking place in detailed images in real-time on sophisticated smart-phones. our rapidly changing world and society, a number of new We also see that economic power and production patterns are environmental issues and phenomena have arisen since 1992: shifting among regions to the East and South, and that overall trade volumes are rising steeply.

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Neë MèÜéÉÜaéeåaÜ EàêÉåâàáeàéaÜ AÅåeeáeàéç Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC) for forest products, aàd CâàêeàéÉâàç the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) for fish products, and Several new Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) and  “bio” or organic labels for many agricultural products including Conventions have been established or entered into force in the coffee, tea and dairy products. last two decades to address emerging global environmental issues, including the United Nations Framework Convention Genetically Modified Organisms o D n i   v C e l r i s m it a y t   e (   C C B ha D n ), g   e a  ( gr U e N e F m C e C nt C s )   , r  t e h l e a   t C e o d  n t v o e   n c ti h o e n m  o ic n  a B l i s  o ( l B og a i s c e a l, l    Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) have been researched Rotterdam and Stockholm Conventions), and the United Nations but have gained widespread attention in recentfor decades, Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) y H e o ar w s, e   v m e a r, i  t n h ly e   y d   u re e  m to a   i p n r   o c s o p n e tr ct o s v  f e o rs r i  i a n l  c f r o e r  a a s   e v d a   r f i o e o ty d     o p f r  r o e d a u s c o ti n o s. n.  .

Aëaåeàeçç âÄ CÜÉáaée CÇaàÅe c Among much debate and controversy, Climate Change has Re ìcÜÉàÅ become a “hot topic” and entered the policy arena, topping  o A f l   t t h h o e u   g w h o   r r l e d c ,  y p c r li o n c g e   s e s f i f n o g r   ts w  a a r s e t   e  o i n n l t y o     b n e e g w i   n r n e i s n o g u  i rc n  es m ,  a p n r y o   d p u a c rt t s s   the global environmental agenda.  and materials is becoming mainstream policy and practice in several countries and regions. TÇe Gåeeà Ecâàâáì Viable pathways for fundamentally shifting economic ÉéàâÉÜaîÉBÄââ  Ä, SâèeÜçaàd Üaå CÉaåcáeâádàÉWeàE   development to become more low-carbon, climate resilient,  While the overall use of renewable energy is å s Å ti ì ll modest, resource efficient, and socially inclusive, as well as for valuing ecosystem services, are now being proposed widely and  biofuels are gaining a significant market share, and wind and increasingly pursued. s s o o l l a a r r     p p a o n w e e l r s     p a r re o   d i u n c c t r i e o a n s   i i n s  g i l n y  c a re b a u s n in d g a   n s t t , e   e a p n l d y   . i   n W  t i h n e d  t m r i a ll n s s   p a o n r d t    sector, hybrid cars have entered the streets and air transport Caåbâà TåadÉàÅ aàd âéÇeå EàêÉåâàáeàéaÜ MaåÖeé TââÜçusing biofuels are becoming a reality. Placing a monetary value on greenhouse gas emissions and creating a market for trade in carbon is a new and increasingly àeáeé MÜçaÅaàÇeCcaáÉ utilized concept to address climate change. Other new market frameworks include biodiversity offset and compensation t M hr a e n a a te g n e h m u e m nt a   n o   f a  t n o d x e i c c o a sy n s d t   e o m t   h h e e r a   l h th a   z h a a r s d i o m u p s r   o c v h e e d m . i A c n al u s m t b h e a r t     programs, habitat credit trading and conservation banking, with a goal toward reducing biodiversity loss and mainstreaming  t o h f e d   e w a o d r l l y d     c i h s e fr m e i e c   a o l f s     c h h a l v o e r   o b fl e u en o   r b o a c n a n rb e o d, n a s n ( d C   F as C   ) o   f p J r a o n d u u a c r t y i   o 2 n 0 . 10 impacts into economic decisions. Worldwide, at least 45 compensatory mitigation programs and more than 1 100 mitigation banks now exist (UNDP and GEF 2011).aÜçâ MaéeåÉàaN Nanotechnology offers significant opportunities and benefits MaåÖeéç Äâå OåÅaàÉc Påâdècéç aàd Ecâ-ÜabeÜÉàÅ f e o n r e   r i g n y d , u h s e tr al y t   h a c n a d r   e s , o c c l i e e a t n y     w at a   t l e a r r a g n e, d     e cl s i p m e a c t i e a   l c l h y a i n n g  t e. he B   u fi t e d l e d b s of Consumer demand for goods that are produced in a sustainable  ate way has boosted certification and eco-labeling, such as the  a e b nv o i u r t o  t n h m is e   n n t e al w     h t a e z c a h r n ds o   l a o n g d y     r c is o k n s  ti c n o u u e l s d     a b n e  d e  r m e e l r a g t i e n d g   . potential  Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and the Programme for the

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Gçaäë& TaêÖÉíë áå íÜÉ ÖäçÄaä ÉåîáêçåãÉåí One of the obstacles to achieving environmental goals set by the Specific Sets of Environmental Targets i m nt o e n r i n t a o t r i i o n n g a s l y c s o te m m m s u to ni   t m y i e s a t s h u e r   e l   a p c r k o o g f r   e s s u s f . fi   c W ie h n il t, e     s f o o l r i t d w d o at o a f     a t n h d e     TÇe MÉÜÜeàêeD áèÉàéàeáäâÜe (Üçâa G)GçMD   interdependent areas of sustainable development—economic leaders from 189 nations agreed on a visionIn September 2000, development and social development—the goals are normally the future: a world with less poverty, hunger and disease;for measured and tracked quantitatively, environmental targets  greater survival prospects for mothers and their infants; better- are largely defined in qualitative terms. On the other hand, educated children; equal opportunities for women; a healthier those environmental agreements for which specific numerical environment; and a world in which developed and developing targets were set, have been relatively successful. Already in  countries work in partnership for the betterment of all. This the 1960s, for example, the World Commission on Protected vision took the shape of eight Millennium Development Goals Areas (WCPA) set a target of 10% of global land area to be (MDGs), which provide a framework of time-bound targets designated as formally protected; today, nearly 13% of the by which progress can be measured. A concise framework of world’s surface is now set aside as protected. Similarly, the eight goals and 21 targets towards the MDGs was adopted, Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer along with 60 indicators to measure and show progress. While defines mandatory targets and specific timeframes within which crosscutting theme is part of several MDGs,environment as a the required reductions must be met, and it conducts regular its significance in the overall framework is most prominently reviews of phase-outs in accordance with scientific updates. highlighted in MDG-7: Ensuring Environmental Sustainability. It has been hailed as perhaps the most effective environmental MDG-7 is divided into four targets as set forth below. They agreement to date. More such initiatives are needed to promote emphasize sustainability principles and reversing natural evidence-based environmental policies and measure progress. resource degradation; reducing biodiversity loss; increasing The following is a summary of environment-related goals that access to safe drinking water and sanitation; and improving incorporate targets and indicators since 1992. slums (Table 1).

TabÜe1 : UN MÉÜÜeààÉèá DeêeÜâäáeàé GâaÜ7-

GâaÜ7 : Eàçèåe eàêÉåâàáeàéaÜ çèçéaÉàabÉÜÉéì éaåÅeéç     

Target 7.A: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources   Target 7.B: Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate of loss   

Target 7.C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation

Target 7.D: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million   slum dwellers

IàdÉcaéâåç

7.1 Proportion of land area covered by forest 7.2 CO emissions, total, per capita and per $1 GDP (PPP)   2 7.3 Consumption of ozone-depleting substances 7.4 Proportion of fish stocks within safe biological limits 7.5 Proportion of total water resources used 7.6 Proportion of terrestrial and marine areas protected   7.7 Proportion of species threatened with extinction

7.8 Proportion of population using an improved drinking    water source    7.9 Proportion of population using an improved sanitation facility

7.10 Proportion of urban population living in slums  

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TÇe WâåÜd SèááÉé âà SèçéaÉàabÜe DeêeÜâäáeàé Additional environmental targets were subsequently adopted in 2002 at the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD). These relate to: fisheries; marine protection; biodiversity loss; access to renewable energy; and phasing out of organic pollutants (Table 2).

TabÜe2 : àéáeâàÉåÅeaå éaÜéäâda çéÇé éa dee WSSD, Eêà02

TaåÅeéç IàdÉcaéâåç

Maintain or restore depleted fish To be determined   stocks to levels that can produce   the maximum sustainable yield   by 2015

Reverse the loss of biodiversity Identified by Convention   by 2010 on Biological Diversity (CBD)

the Parties adopted a revised and updated Strategic Plan for Biodiversity for the 2011-2020 period, including the set of Aichi Biodiversity Targets comprising five strategic goals and 20 targets.   However, these targets have no clear numerical goals, except the following ones: TaåÅeé 5:By 2020, the rate of loss of all natural habitats, including forests, is at least halved and where feasible brought close to zero, and degradation and fragmentation is significantly reduced. TaåÅeé1 1:By 2020, at least 17% of terrestrial and inland waters, and 10% of coastal and marine areas, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, are conserved through effectively and equitably managed, ecologically representative and well- connected systems of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures, and integrated into

Establish a representative network To be determined  the wider landscapes and seascapes. of marine protected areas by 2012 Increase the share of renewable To be determined  To conclude, with specific quantitative goals being absent, the energy in the total energy supply,  vobaat etegram srey  made orkeli lues, thls or vade  eeruqriatorrpcoins algoevel laciremun e ionsndatomme rec eh n ,r w  ewev .oH and provide 35% of African   households with modern energy  achievement is more clearly defined and potentially obtainable. within 20 years In fact, empirical evidence shows that goal-setting can work Phase out by 2020, production To be determined  when clear quantitative targets are set. Another lesson learned and use of chemicals that harm  from the history of environmental target-setting is that it works health and environment for well-defined issues, such as the phasing out of Ozonebest   Depleting Substances (ODS) or leaded gasoline, and for issues related to industrial chemicals for which technologies exist or TÇe CâäeàÇaÅeà Accâåd can be developed to solve environmental problems associated In 2009, the Copenhagen Accord recognised the need for  t w h i a t t h  i   t t  i h s  e c ir r   it p ic ro al d  t u o c   t h i a o v n e     a b n a d s   el u i s n e e .     i F n i f n or al m ly a , t   i it o  h t a o s     a b ll e o co w  m pr e  o c g l r e e a s r s     emission targets that will hold the increase in global temperature n below 2°C —equated by scientists to a concentration level of  towards the targets to be tracked. For example, relatively little 450 ppm (parts per million) of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.  measurable progress has been made—or can be demonstrated— The Accord today is supported by 114 countries.  t 2 o 0 w 1 a 0 r ” d , s s   i t n h c e e     W th S e S re D     a t r a e r   g in et s   u t f o fi “ c r i e e v n e t rse e   l t i h a e b   l l e o   s a s n o d f     c b o io m d p iv re er h s e it n y s   i b v y e    , r AÉcÇÉ BÉâdÉêeåçÉéì TaåÅeéç biodiversity baseline data upon which to base trends and At its tenth meeting in Nagoya, Japan in October 2010, the  assess progress. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Conference of

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