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• Publié par: udwi
• Nombre de lectures: 16
• Langue: English

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LECTURES ON LIPSCHITZ ANALYSIS
JUHA HEINONEN
1. Introduction
m nA function f :A→R , AR , is said to be L-Lipschitz, L 0, if
(1.1) |f(a) f(b)| L|a b|
foreverypairofpointsa,b∈A. WealsosaythatafunctionisLipschitz
if it is L-Lipschitz for some L.
The Lipschitz condition as given in (1.1) is a purely metric condi-
tion; it makes sense for functions from one metric space to another.
In these lectures, we concentrate on the theory of Lipschitz functions
in Euclidean spaces. In Section 2, we study extension problems and
Lipschitz retracts. In Section 3, we prove the classical di erentiability
theoremsofRademacherandStepanov. InSection4, webrie ydiscuss
Sobolev spaces and Lipschitz behavior; another proof of Rademacher’s
theorem is given there based on the Sobolev embedding. Section 5 is
the most substantial. Therein we carefully develop the basic theory of
at di erential forms of Whitney. In particular, we give a proof of the
fundamental duality between at chains and at forms. The Lipschitz
invariance of at forms is also discussed. In the last section, Section 6,
we discuss some recent developments in geometric analysis, where at
forms are used in the search for Lipschitz variants of the measurable
Riemann mapping theorem.
DespitetheEuclideanframework,thematerialintheselecturesshould
be of interest to students of general metric geometry. Many basic re-
nsults about Lipschitz functions de ned on subsets of R are valid in
great generality, with similar proofs. Moreover, uency in the classical
theory is imperative in analysis and geometry at large.
Lipschitz functions appear nearly everywhere in mathematics. Typ-
ically, the Lipschitz condition is rst encountered in the elementary
theory of ordinary di erential equations, where it is used in existence
theorems. In the basic courses on real analysis, Lipschitz functions
appear as examples of functions of bounded variation, and it is proved
Lectures at the 14th Jyv askyal Summer School in August 2004.
Supported by NSF grant DMS 0353549 and DMS 0244421.
12 JUHA HEINONEN
that a real-valued Lipschitz function on an open interval is almost ev-
erywhere di erentiable. Among more advanced topics, Lipschitz anal-
ysis is extensively used in geometric measure theory, in partial di er-
ential equations, and in nonlinear functional analysis. The Lipschitz
condition is one of the central concepts of metric geometry, both -
nite and in nite dimensional. There are also striking applications to
topology. Namely, every topological manifold outside dimension four
admits a unique Lipschitz structure, while such a manifold may have
no smooth or piecewise linear structures or it may have many such.
On a more practical side, questions about Lipschitz functions arise in
image processing and in the study of internet search engines, for ex-
ample. Finally, even when one considers rougher objects, such as func-
tions in various Sobolev spaces or quasiconformal mappings, vestiges
of Lipschitz behavior are commonly found in them, and the theory is
applicable.
In many ways, the Lipschitz condition is more natural, and more
ubiquitous,thansaytheconditionofin nitesmoothness. Forexample,
families of Lipschitz functions are often (pre-)compact, so that Arzel a-
Ascoli type arguments can be applied. Compactness in the smooth
context is typically more complicated.
Some of the preceding issues will be studied in these lectures in more
detail, while others will only brie y be alluded to. Many important
topics are not covered at all.
References to the topics advertized in this introduction include [18],
[50], [17], [80], [20], [59], [16], [25], [63], [5], [67], [64], [47], [73], [62],
[43].
n1.1. Notation. Our notation is standard. Euclidean n-spaceR , n
1, is equipped with the distance
nX
2 1/2|x y| := ( (x y ) )i i
i=1
unless otherwise stipulated. The Lebesgue n-measure of a measurable
nset E R is denoted by |E|, and integration against Lebesgue mea-
sure by Z
f(x)dx.
E
nOpen and closed balls in R are denoted by B(x,r) and B(x,r), re-
nspectively; here x ∈ R and r > 0. If we need to emphasize the
ndimension of the underlying space, we write B (x,r). We also write
n n n 1 n nB := B (0,1) and S := ∂B . The closure of a set E R is E,
c nand the complement E :=R \E.LECTURES ON LIPSCHITZ ANALYSIS 3
Other standard or self-explanatory notation will appear.
1.2. Acknowledgements. I thank the organizers of the 14th Jyv as-
kyl aSummerSchool, especiallyProfessorsTeroKilpeal inenandRaimo
N akki,forinvitingmetogivetheselectures. IamgratefultoEeroSaks-
man for many illuminating conversations about the Whitney theory. I
also thank Ole Jacob Broch, Bruce Kleiner, and Peter Lindqvist for
some useful information, and Bruce Hanson, Leonid Kovalev, Seppo
Rickman and Jussi V ais aal for carefully reading the manuscript and
for their comments.
2. Extension
m nEvery Lipschitz function f : A→R , AR , can be extended to
n ma Lipschitz function F : R → R . This means that F is Lipschitz
andF|A =f. In this section, we o er three proofs of this fundamental
result,anddiscusstherelatedproblemofLipschitzretracts. Thedevel-
opment of this section reveals the great exibility aorded by Lipschitz
functions; they can be glued, pasted, and truncated without impairing
the Lipschitz property.
We begin with some preliminaries.
2.1. Distance functions and quasiconvexity. Distance functions
aresimplebutimportantexamplesofLipschitzfunctions. Thedistance
ncan be taken either to a point x ∈R ,0
(2.1) x7→ dist(x,x ) :=|x x |,0 0
nor more generally to a set E R ,
(2.2) x7→ dist(x,E) := inf{|x a| :a∈E}.
That dist(,x ) is 1-Lipschitz is a direct consequence of the triangle0
inequality. It is similarly straightforward to check from the de nitions
that the function dist(,E) in (2.2) is 1-Lipschitz, but it is worthwhile
to record the following general fact.
Lemma 2.1. Let {f : i ∈ I} be a collection of L-Lipschitz functionsi
nf :A→R, AR . Then the functionsi
x7→ inff (x), x∈A,i
i∈I
and
x7→ supf (x), x∈A,i
i∈I
are L-Lipschitz on A, if nite at one point.4 JUHA HEINONEN
The proof of Lemma 2.1 is an easy exercise.
NotethatthesetE in(2.2)isnotassumedtobeclosed. Ontheother
hand, we have that dist(x,E) = dist(x,E). Therefore, one typically
considers closed sets E in this connection. More generally, every L-
mLipschitz function f : A → R extends to an L-Lipschitz function
de ned on the closure A, simply by uniform continuity.
Lipschitzcondition(1.1)isglobal;itrequirescontrolovereachpairof
points a,b in A. Sometimes we only have local information. There is a
simple but useful lemma which shows that under special circumstances
local information can be turned into global.
nA set A R is said to be C-quasiconvex, C 1, if every pair of
points a,b∈A can be joined by a curve in A such that
(2.3) length() C|a b|.
WealsosaythatAisquasiconvexifitisC-quasiconvexforsomeC 1.
By the length of a curve we mean as usual the quantity,
N 1X
length() := sup |(t ) (t )|,i+1 i
i=0
where the supremum is taken over all partitions 0 = t < t < <0 1
nt = 1 for a curve : [0,1]→R .N
mA function f :A→R is called locally L-Lipschitz if every point in
A has a neighborhood on which f is L-Lipschitz.
n mLemma 2.2. If A R is C-quasiconvex and f : A → R is locally
L-Lipschitz, then f is CL-Lipschitz.
We leave the straightforward proof of this lemma to the reader. Now
consider the “slit plane”,
2A :={(r,) : 0<r <∞, < <}R ,
in polar coordinates. The function
2(r,)7→ (r,/2), A→R ,
is locally 1-Lipschitz, but not globally Lipschitz. This example shows
the relevance of quasiconvexity in the situation of Lemma 2.2.
The distance function in (2.1) can be de ned by using the intrinsic
nmetric of a set. Let AR be a set such that every pair of points in
A can be joined by a curve of nite length in A. The intrinsic metric
in A is de ned asA
(2.4) (a,b) := inflength(),A
where the in mum is taken over all curves joining a and b in A.
Expression (2.4) indeed denes a metric in A, and A is quasiconvexLECTURES ON LIPSCHITZ ANALYSIS 5
if and only if the identity mapping between the two metrics is bi-
Lipschitz. Werecallherethatahomeomorphismbetweenmetricspaces
is bi-Lipschitz if it is Lipschitz and has a Lipschitz inverse.
The function
(2.5) x7→ dist (x,x ) := (x,x )A 0 A 0
is 1-Lipschitz with respect to the intrinsic metric; it is Lipschitz if A
is quasiconvex. We will return to quasiconvexity in connection with
Lipschitz retracts later in this section.
Finally, we say that a curve in a set A, joining two points a and b,
is an intrinsic geodesic if length() = (a,b).A
2.2. Extension theorems. We prove the important extension theo-
rems of McShane-Whitney and Kirszbraun.
Theorem2.3 (McShane-Whitneyextensiontheorem). Letf :A→R,
nAR , be an L-Lipschitz function. Then there exists an L-Lipschitz
nfunction F :R →R such that F|A =f.
Proof. Because the functions
f (x) :=f(a)+L|x a|, a∈A,a
nare L-Lipschitz onR , the function
nF(x) := inf f (x), F :R →R,a
a∈A
is L-Lipschitz by Lemma 2.1. It is obvious that F(a) =f(a) whenever
a∈A.
The extension F in Theorem 2.3 is the largest L-Lipschitz extension
nof f in the sense that if G :R →R is