Seminary on Montreal accidents such as Methodological courses in GIS at SahelTech

Dialla Pr Konate, Amadou Bina Prof Coulibaly

Description

This article is a summary of “GIS-based spatial analysis of child pedestrian accidents near primary schools in Montréal, Canada” wrote by Marie-Soleil Cloutier, Jean-Pierre Thouez. In fact, we try disengaging its importance for our country “Mali in Africa” especially all scientific methods used by its experiment authors. We have been not trying to confiscate this article’s properties but we are instead showing GIS’ and Remote Sensing’s utilities to people who are interested about this subject in the other hand we try to make political decision maker paying attention about the high quality of this scientific methods for revolving environmental problems caused by population. Please to cite the original note such as: Cloutier, M., Apparicio, P. & Thouez, J. (2007)-GIS-based spatial analysis of child pedestrian accidents near primary schools in Montréal, Canada, Applied GIS, 3(4): 1-18.
COULIBALY A.B, Student in Geography Information Systems and Management of Natural Resources at SahelTech from 2010 to 2012 under the late Professor KONATE D. responsibility, President of SahelTech in Mali.

Sujets

• SN

Informations

• Publié par: Prof_Amadou_Bina_COULIBALY_Directeur_Technique_de_PEDGES_International
• Publié le: 09 mai 2013
• Nombre de lectures: 50
• Langue: English

Extrait

REPUBLIC OF MALI
A People-A Purpose-A Faith

Scientia, Virtus, Labore
www.stech.edu.ml




Applied GIS
Theme of seminary


GIS-based spatial analysis of child pedestrian accidents near primary
schools in Montréal, Canada

Wrote by
Marie-Soleil Cloutier, Jean-Pierre Thouez
Geography Department,
Université de Montréal,
Montreal, Canada
[e-mail]
And
Philippe Apparicio
INRS UCS,
Montreal, Canada
Summarized and presented by
Amadou Bina Coulibaly
[e-mail]
Managed by
Pr Dialla Konate
[e-mail]


th thFrom April, 6 to May 7 2012
Bamako/Mali
Contents
I) Abstract, objectives and methodology of the survey
II) Problems expressed in this study: what’s advice for our country Mali?
III) Scientific methods and variables used in this survey: Do all of these variables
have a sense in Mali?
IV) Plan of the survey
V) Role of images in the survey
VI) How this study can be used to improve the management of the environment,
of the human and natural resources?
VII) Conclusions of this survey
VIII) Can we lead the same survey in Mali?
IX) Arguments from this survey permitting to convince a Malian’s authority of
the interest of GIS
X) Comment about GIS’ utility
Conclusion
Reference













1) Abstract, objectives and methodology of the survey
Abstract:
This study is about the accidents occurred on pedestrian in Montreal. It demonstrates
also despite some measures taken that these accidents concerned particularly child between 5
to 14 years. First, they try disengaging the factor of risk by taking elementary school
environment where children are very fluently even most weekday. Second, they try making
suggestion by integrating local environment into the spatial analysis of child pedestrian to
reduce the degree of this problem. And Then socio-economic and environment data into a
geographic information system in order to perform a geographically weighted regression was
done too in this study. So the results that they got, demonstrated that the average network
distance separating accident and closest school is less than 500 meters, thereby confirming a
relationship of proximity between these two locations. These results also demonstrate the
relevance of adding a spatial dimension to the regression model by suggesting that prevention
initiatives should take into account the particular nature of each neighborhood so that more
relevant risk factors can be targeted.
Objectives:
This study wants to be a contribution for integrating the elementary public schools
environment into the evaluation of child-pedestrian accidents. So that means the study period
is limited to the different school calendars (weekdays of the school years - September to June)
and that the proximity between accidents and schools is considered through the construction
of „catchment areas‟.
Methodology:
The first work of scientific research is and stays the methodological research. Indeed,
it consisted to collect as possible as one can necessary documents which treat the theme. Here
for collecting data it was the same case. Thereby, its authors start analyzing some documents
or article as: “Using a geographic information system to understand child pedestrian injury”
viewed by Braddock, M and al. in American Journal of Public Health in 1994; “Child
pedestrian injury in an urban setting: descriptive epidemiology” led by DiMaggio C. and M.
Durkin in Academic Emergency Medicine (2002) and as “The effects of area deprivation on
the incidence of child and adult pedestrian casualties in England” wrote by Graham, D and al.
appeared in Accident Analysis & Prevention in 2005. Thus, these articles such as special or
general books permit their having the first impression even the first ideas about accidents
occurred on pedestrian roads before completing those with data collected on the study area. In
the target to collect, to treat and to analyze data for doing the best prevention, they choose three types of treatments such as point pattern analysis to describe the spatial distribution of
child pedestrian accidents in Montréal; a multiple regression model to explain globally the
number of accidents; and a geographically weighted regression model to show spatial
variations in the relation between the number of accidents and selected explanatory variables.
This methodology is as follow:
 Point pattern analysis
GIS (Geography Information System) and Remote Sensing allow us to analyze data by
using some software as ArcGIS, Arcview, Idrisi and ENVI. Thereby, we can make different
kind of maps because each geographical phenomenon has it particularity whose we have to
notice and to represent on the map with an appropriate symbol.
For example: to represent area on the map we need a polygon (2Dimensions), for road
we have to choose polyline (1Dimension) and finally the point (0Dimension) to symbolize
village… this fact explains why they represent accidents distributions on map with the
point(0Dimension). Furthermore, point pattern analysis was used in this survey as method in
order to detect departures from spatial randomness within the distribution of accidents. Even,
several classical measures were used to describe the accidents sites distribution among which
one can mention: density mapping, nearest neighbour index and standard distance and
standard deviational ellipse, which is a useful way to graphically represent dispersion of point
on the map.
 Regression model and geographically weighted regression(GWR)
This one was the second method used to evaluate the link between selected variables
and frequency of accidents in this study. Indeed, the regression model was replaced by the
GWR because it is not always appropriate with spatial data and it does not take into account
spatial autocorrelation among the dependent and independent variables and it can‟t capture
the non-stationary component of the relationship. Thus the GWR proposed by Fotheringham
and al. in 2002 can help to overcome these drawbacks. Additionally, both of these methods
are based on mathematics calculus.
2) Problems expressed in this study: what’s advice for our country Mali?
In this survey there is question about accident occurred on the pedestrian in Montreal.
So According to the latest World Health Organization injury report, road traffic accidents are
the primary cause of mortality and morbidity in the 5 to 14 year-old age group within North
America particularly in Montréal, Canada. And according to police reports, between 193 and
228 accidents occurred each year, including thirteen deaths and 152 seriously injured victims
(Society of the automotive insurance of Quebec, 2004). Thus, in this study, they want to analyze this situation by doing spatial analysis with GIS‟ softwares. That means to disengage
the spatial interaction existing among accident locations and risk factors. Spatial analysis is
helpful and it is also recommended in this kind of work because it allows a broader scope of
study by visualizing accidents and its surrounding environment on maps and by analyzing
spatially in target to detect locations of high risk and make real decision to reduce it.
Besides, that‟s a very capital survey for Mali. So, view the high number of accidents
occurred in this country which concerns every class of age and all lanes, it is paramount to
make map of accident in order to notice and monitor the area where risk factors is high by
doing spatial analysis in GIS. Another importance of this survey for Mali is the fact that it
allows decision maker being on the alert for intervening quickly. This fact diminishes loss in
human life and economic wasting too.
3) Scientific methods and variables used in this survey: Do all of these variables
have a sense in Mali?
Firstly, Scientifics researches about general and special articles treating the similar
theme were done. Secondly, three types of treatments in GIS (Geography Information
System) such as point pattern analysis, regression model and a geographically weighted
regression model were used in this study. This fact was applied on data collected on the
survey area that means “Island of Montréal, Canada‟s second largest city”. Thirdly, because
of the increasing number of the population on this Island more than 1.8 million people they
founded their investigation on three sources of data: information on schools; police reports on
child pedestrian accidents; characteristics of the built environment around schools. This
method was used in order to model child pedestrian accident risk around primary schools.
Indeed, information on primary schools or School dataset proceeds from the School
Taxation Management Council of Montreal (CGTSIM in French) and includes the current
address, the enrolment for the year 1999-2000 (September to June) and the linguistic
affiliation of each school. Schools that were not open throughout the study period (1994-
19