Geothermal -- The Energy Under Our Feet: Geothermal Resources ...

B.D. Green And R.G. Nix: Nrel

Description

A national laboratory of the U.S. Departmenntt ooff EEnneerrggyy
Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewaabbllee EEnneerrggyy
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Innovation for Our Energy Future
Technical ReportGeothermal—
NREL/TP-840-40665
The Energy Under Our Feet November 2006
Geothermal Resource Estimates for the
United States
Bruce D. Green and R. Gerald Nix,
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
NREL is operated by Midwest Research Institute • Battelle Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337
Technical ReportGeothermal—
NREL/TP-840-40665
The Energy Under Our Feet November 2006
Geothermal Resource Estimates for the
United States
Bruce D. Green and R. Gerald Nix,
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393
303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov
Operated for the U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
by Midwest Research Institute • Battelle
Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337Executive Summary
he Earth houses a vast energy supply or application: (1) Hydrothermal, (2) Deep
in the form of geothermal resources. Geothermal Systems, (3) Direct Use, T Domestic resources are equivalent (4) Geothermal Heat Pumps (GHPs),
to a 30,000-year energy supply at our and (5) Co-Produced and Geopressured.
current rate for the United States! In
Geothermal resources are categorized in fact, geothermal energy is used in all 50
several layers of accessibility and ...

Sujets

• Mwezé Ngangura
• Quad (véhicule)
• Mwenga
• Boëme
• United States Geological Survey
• Heatmiser

Informations

• Publié par: Mofeng
• Nombre de lectures: 136
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 2 Mo

Extrait

A national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office o National Renewable Energy Laboratory f Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy

Innovation for Our Energy Future

Geothermal— The Energy Under Our Feet Geothermal Resource Estimates for the United States

Bruce D. Green and R. Gerald Nix, National Renewable Energy Laboratory

NREL is operated by Midwest Research Institute • Battelle Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337

Technical Report NREL/TP-840-40665 November 2006

Geothermal— The Energy Under Our Feet Geothermal Resource Estimates for the United States

Bruce D. Green and R. Gerald Nix, National Renewable Energy Laboratory

National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov Operated for the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy by Midwest Research Institute • Battelle Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337

Technical Report NREL/TP-840-40665 November 2006

Executive Summary

T oh htraE eh t eh  y ni pulpygs enerast  a vuses rmheotGe p ee D2)  )3( ,smetsyS la se, ct UDirel masoreceur s.rof f   o r   o moeg reht ion: (1)applicatream,l( H dyorht Domestic resources areequivalent(4) Geothermal Heat Pumps (GHPs), to a 30,000-year energy supply at ourand (5) Co-Produced and Geopressured. current rate for the United States! In fact, geothermal energy is used in all 50  Ge v o e t ra h l e l r a m y a e l r   s r   e o s f o  a u c r c c e e s s  s a i r b e il   i c t a y t   e a g n o d r   i f z e e a d s   i i b n i   lity,  U.S. states today. But geothermal energy  s fr e om b   roadest criteria (i.e., total physicall has not reached its full potential as a clean,  y secure energy alternative because of issues  t a e v c a h il n a i b c l a e l )   , a  t n o d     c e ri c t o e n ri o a  m t i h c a   t c  i o n n c s l i u d d er e a s  tions.  with resources, technology, historically low natural gas prices, and public policies. These  The total resource base is scaled downward issues affect the economic competitiveness  t c o a   t a e c g c o e r s y s   i c b a l l e l   e r d e   s d o e u v r e c l e o ,  p a a n b d l   e fi  r n e a s l o ly u   r t c o e     a     of geothermal energy  (see p. 4 for explanation). On May 16, 2006, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in Golden,  The table below shows estimates for the Colorado hosted a geothermal resources  c d o iff m e p r i e l n e t d     g b e y o   t t h h e e r  w m o a r l  k r s e h so o u p  r e ce x   p c e a r t t e s g .  o T ri h e e s, s   e a   s workshop with experts from the geothermal estimates show the enormous potential community. The purpose of the workshop   was to re-examine domestic geothermal of the U. S. geothermal energy resource.  lectric generation ates. The artic r w e e s r o e u   r o c r e g   a es n t i i z m ed into five  p work i i p n a g t   i g n r g o   u e p x s p   erts  t N e e c w h   n lo ol w o - g te y  m m p a e y r   a g t r u e r a e t   l e y expand the  based on their primary area of expertise in  geothermal resources that can be developed the following types of geothermal resource  economically today.

Findings by Resource Category

Estimated 2006 Accessible (Actual MWe) Resource (MWe)

Shallow Hydrothermal 1  30,000 (Identified) >90˚C/194˚F

Shallow Hydrothermal 1  120,000 (Unidentified) >150˚C/302˚F

Co-Produced & >100,000 Geopressured 2

Deep Geothermal 4 1,300,000 to 13,000,000 Thermal Uses(MWt) Direct Uses 5 >60,000

Geothermal Heat Pumps 6 >1,000,000

GHP 6 Avoided Power

120,000

2,800

2 3

0

(MWt) 620

7,385

880

Estimated Developable Resource* 2015 2025 2050 (MWe) (MWe) (MWe)

10,000

TBD

10,000 to 15,000

1000

(MWt) 1600

18,400

2,100

20,000

TBD

70,000

30,000

TBD

>100,000

10,000 130,000

(MWt) 4,200 45,000

66,400 >1,000,000

8,000 120,000

*Please note that these resource estimates represent a consensus of a group of experts who considered existing resource assessments (referenced on next page). There is considerable uncertainty in the estimates as many resources are hidden and exploration to date has been relatively limited. The figures shown above are not a resource assessment, but, even with uncertainty,is a very large and important domestic energy source.clearly show that the U.S. geothermal resource

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References 1.Assessment of Geothermal Resources of the United States – 1978, USGS Circular 790 (p. 41 and 157). Includes identified and unidentified resources; 2015 and later estimates are a consensus of the experts at the workshop. Estimated accessible figure includes identified (~30,000 MW) and unidentified (~120,000 MW) (i.e., hidden or showing no surface manifestations) hydrothermal resources. 2. “Geothermal Electric Power Supply Possible from Gulf Coast, Midcontinent Oil Field Waters,” Oil and Gas Journal,September 5, 2005, and SMU Geothermal LaboratoryGeothermal Energy Generation in Oil and Gas Settings Conference  findings, March 13 – 14, 2006, and USGS Circular 790. 3. Based on Mafi Trench Unit on offshore platform now in operation. 4.Energy Recovery from Enhanced/Engineered Geothermal Systems(EGS), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), September 2006. 5. OIT Geo-Heat Center, using analysis based on USGS Circulars 790 and 892. 6. Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium, based on Energy Information Administration data and projections. The ‘avoided power’ figure represents the peak power not required or offset through use of GHPs. Thus, GHPs act as a proven demand and growth management option for utilities.

The geothermal heat pump working-group during their resource deliberations. John Geyer (l), Wael El-Sharif (c), and Jack DiEnna (r) made up this working group.

2

Dr. Roy Mink, DOE Geothermal Technologies Program manager, making opening comments.

Introduction

É UåáíÉÇ SíaíÉë éçëëÉëëÉë îaëí ìåÇÉêÖêçìåÇ   T ëç ÉìÑääé íçåÉáíaä Üaë óÉí  Ü ëêÉíççÑë Éa ÜïÜí   íç ÄÉ êÉaäáòÉÇ .TÜÉ EaêíÜ ë áåíÉêáçê êÉaÅÜÉë   íÉãéÉêaíìêÉë ÖêÉaíÉê íÜaå4, 0°00C( >207,°0F) ,aåÇ   this geothermal energy flows continuously to the ëìêÑaÅÉ .TÜÉ ÉåÉêÖó ÅçåíÉåí çÑ ÇçãÉëíáÅ ÖÉçíÜÉêãaä   êÉëçìêÅÉë íç a ÇÉéíÜ çÑ 3 âã (ú2 ãáäÉ )áë ÉëíáãaíÉÇ   íç ÄÉ 3 ãáääáçå èìaÇë ,ÉèìáîaäÉåí íç a 30,000-óÉaê ëìééäó çÑ ÉåÉêÖó aí çìê ÅìêêÉåí êaíÉ Ñçê íÜÉ UåáíÉÇ SíaíÉë!  ÉëaÄ ÉÅêìçëÉê êÉíáÉåÉ íÜÉ áäWÜ Åaååçí ÄÉ êÉÅçîÉêÉÇ ,íÜÉ êÉÅçîÉêó çÑ ÉîÉå a îÉêó   ëãaää éÉêÅÉåíaÖÉ çÑ íÜáë ÜÉaí ïçìäÇ ãaâÉ a äaêÖÉ   ÇáÑÑÉêÉåÅÉ íç íÜÉ åaíáçå ë ÉåÉêÖó ëìééäáÉë. NÉï äçï- íÉãéÉêaíìêÉ ÉäÉÅíêáÅ ÖÉåÉêaíáçå íÉÅÜåçäçÖó ãaó   ÖêÉaíäó ÉñéaåÇ íÜÉ ÖÉçíÜÉêãaä êÉëçìêÅÉë íÜaí Åaå ÄÉ   ÇÉîÉäçéÉÇ ÉÅçåçãáÅaääó íçÇaó.

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ïçêâ áå éaêíåÉêëÜáé ïáíÜ U.S. áåÇìëíêó íç ÉëíaÄäáëÜ   ÖÉçíÜÉêãaä ÉåÉêÖó aë aå ÉÅçåçãáÅaääó ÅçãéÉíáíáîÉ   ÅçåíêáÄìíçê íç íÜÉ åaíáçå ë ÉåÉêÖó ëìééäó. TÜÉ éìêéçëÉ çÑ íÜÉ ïçêâëÜçé ïaë íç êÉ-ÉñaãáåÉ   ÇçãÉëíáÅ ÖÉçíÜÉêãaä êÉëçìêÅÉ ÉëíáãaíÉë. TÜÉêÉ   ïÉêÉ íïç ÖìáÇáåÖ èìÉëíáçåë :ïÜaí áë íÜÉ íçíaä   éçíÉåíáaä aÅÅÉëëáÄäÉ êÉëçìêÅÉ áå íÜÉ UåáíÉÇ SíaíÉë , aåÇ, ÖáîÉå ÑaîçêaÄäÉ ÅáêÅìãëíaåÅÉë aåÇ ìëáåÖ   ÉñáëíáåÖ éêaÅíáÅÉë ïáíÜ áãéêçîÉÇ íÉÅÜåçäçÖó ,aåÇ   ïáíÜ áåëíáíìíáçåaä áëëìÉë ëçäîÉÇ ,Üçï ãìÅÜ çÑ   íÜÉ êÉëçìêÅÉ áë ÇÉîÉäçéaÄäÉ Äó1025, aåÇ 250 íÅÉìêëçåÅ áÉëóéÇóÜ ÉÇìäaãêÉÜíçêÉÉé ä, Ç? RÉ ÖÉçíÜÉêãaä ëóëíÉãë ,Åç-éêçÇìÅÉÇ, ÖÉçéêÉëëìêÉÇ , ÇáêÉÅí ìëÉ, aåÇ GHPë.  

TÜÉ Öçaä çÑ íÜÉ ïçêâëÜçé ïaë íç ÖaíÜÉê aåÇ ëìããaêáòÉä áaåí ÉñéÉêí çéáåáçå ëÄaìç íÜí ÉçéÉí çÑ îaêáçìë ÖÉçíÜÉêãaä êÉëçìêÅÉë Ñçê ÖÉåÉêaíáçå   çÑ ÉäÉÅíêáÅáíó aåÇ ìíáäáòaíáçå çÑ ÜÉaí ÉåÉêÖó .TÜÉ   ïçêâëÜçé ïaë åçí a Ñçêãaä aëëÉëëãÉåí ,Äìí a   êÉÅçêÇÉÇ ÇáëÅìëëáçå Äó a Öêçìé çÑ ÉñéÉêíë ïÜç   ÅçääÉÅíáîÉäó ëíaíÉ íÜÉáê çéáåáçåë ÄaëÉÇ çå íÜÉáê   ÉñéÉêáÉåÅÉë ,âåçïäÉÇÖÉ, aåÇ áåíÉêéêÉíaíáçåë   çÑ îaêáçìë ÇÉíaáäÉÇ aëëÉëëãÉåíë( É.Ö,. USGS   CáêÅìäaê). 790

Figure 1. U.S. Energy and Geothermal Resources Note: U.S. Total Resource Base from Characterization of U.S. Energy Resources and Reserves, December 1989, U.S. Department of Energy, DOE/CE-0279. Data for “Estimated Accessible Geothermal Resource” and “Estimated Developable Resource” are from Table 4 of this report.

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