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Publié par | mijec |
Nombre de lectures | 73 |
Langue | English |
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RICCICURVATUREFORMETRIC-MEASURESPACESVIAOPTIMAL
TRANSPORT
JOHNLOTTANDCE´DRICVILLANI
Abstract.
Wedefineanotionofameasuredlengthspace
X
havingnonnegative
N
-Ricci
curvature,for
N
∈
[1
,
∞
),orhaving
∞
-Riccicurvatureboundedbelowby
K
,for
K
∈
R
.
Thedefinitionsareintermsofthedisplacementconvexityofcertainfunctionsonthe
associatedWassersteinmetricspace
P
2
(
X
)ofprobabilitymeasures.Weshowthatthese
propertiesarepreservedundermeasuredGromov–Hausdorfflimits.Wegivegeometric
andanalyticconsequences.
Thispaperhasdualgoals.Onegoalistoextendresultsaboutoptimaltransportfromthe
settingofsmoothRiemannianmanifoldstothesettingoflengthspaces.Asecondgoalisto
useoptimaltransporttogiveanotionforameasuredlengthspacetohaveRiccicurvature
boundedbelow.Wereferto[11]and[44]forbackgroundmaterialonlengthspacesand
optimaltransport,respectively.Furtherbibliographicnotesonoptimaltransportarein
AppendixF.Inthepresentintroductionwemotivatethequestionsthatweaddressand
westatethemainresults.
Tostartonthegeometricside,therearevariousreasonstotrytoextendnotionsof
curvaturefromsmoothRiemannianmanifoldstomoregeneralspaces.Afairlygeneral
settingisthatof
lengthspaces
,meaningmetricspaces(
X,d
)inwhichthedistancebetween
twopointsequalstheinfimumofthelengthsofcurvesjoiningthepoints.Intherestof
thisintroductionweassumethat
X
isacompactlengthspace.Alexandrovgaveagood
notionofalengthspacehaving
“curvatureboundedbelowby
K
”
,with
K
arealnumber,
intermsofthegeodesictrianglesin
X
.InthecaseofaRiemannianmanifold
M
withthe
inducedlengthstructure,onerecoverstheRiemanniannotionofhavingsectionalcurvature
boundedbelowby
K
.LengthspaceswithAlexandrovcurvatureboundedbelowby
K
behavenicelywithrespecttotheGromov–Hausdorfftopologyoncompactmetricspaces
(moduloisometries);theyformaclosedsubset.
InviewofAlexandrov’swork,itisnaturaltoaskwhethertherearemetricspaceversions
ofothertypesofRiemanniancurvature,suchasRiccicurvature.Thisquestiontakes
substancefrom
Gromov’sprecompactnesstheorem
forRiemannianmanifoldswithRicci
curvatureboundedbelowby
K
,dimensionboundedaboveby
N
anddiameterbounded
aboveby
D
[23,Theorem5.3].Theprecompactnessindicatesthattherecouldbeanotion
ofalengthspacehaving“Riccicurvatureboundedbelowby
K
”,specialcasesofwhich
wouldbeGromov–HausdorfflimitsofmanifoldswithlowerRiccicurvaturebounds.
Date
:June23,2006.
TheresearchofthefirstauthorwassupportedbyNSFgrantDMS-0306242andtheClayMathematics
Institute.
1
2JOHNLOTTANDCE´DRICVILLANI
Gromov–HausdorfflimitsofmanifoldswithRiccicurvatureboundedbelowhavebeen
studiedbyvariousauthors,notablyCheegerandColding[15,16,17,18].Onefeatureof
theirwork,alongwiththeearlierworkofFukaya[21],isthatitturnsouttobeusefulto
addanauxiliaryBorelprobabilitymeasure
ν
andconsider
metric-measurespaces
(
X,d,ν
).
(AcompactRiemannianmanifold
M
hasacanonicalmeasure
ν
givenbythenormalized
Riemanniandensity
vdovl(ol
M
M
)
.)ThereisameasuredGromov–Hausdorfftopologyonsuch
triples(
X,d,ν
)(moduloisometries)andoneagainhasprecompactnessforRiemannian
manifoldswithRiccicurvatureboundedbelowby
K
,dimensionboundedaboveby
N
and
diameterboundedaboveby
D
.Hencethequestioniswhetherthereisagoodnotionofa
measuredlengthspace(
X,d,ν
)having
“Riccicurvatureboundedbelowby
K
”
.Whatever
definitiononetakes,onewouldlikethesetofsuchtriplestobeclosedinthemeasured
Gromov–Hausdorfftopology.Onewouldalsoliketoderivesomenontrivialconsequences
fromthedefinition,andofcourseinthecaseofRiemannianmanifoldsonewouldliketo
recoverclassicalnotions.Wereferto[16,Appendix2]forfurtherdiscussionoftheproblem
ofgivinga“synthetic”treatmentofRiccicurvature.
Ourapproachisintermsofametricspace(
P
(
X
)
,W
2
)thatiscanonicallyassociatedto
theoriginalmetricspace(
X,d
).Here
P
(
X
)isthespaceofBorelprobabilitymeasureson
X
and
W
2
istheso-called
Wassersteindistance
oforder2.ThesquareoftheWasserstein
distance
W
2
(
0
,
1
)between
0
,
1
∈
P
(
X
)isdefinedtobetheinfimalcosttotransport
thetotalmassfromthemeasure
0
tothemeasure
1
,wherethecosttotransportaunit
ofmassbetweenpoints
x
0
,x
1
∈
X
istakentobe
d
(
x
0
,x
1
)
2
.Atransportationscheme
withinfimalcostiscalledan
optimaltransport
.Thetopologyon
P
(
X
)comingfromthe
metric
W
2
turnsouttobetheweak-
∗
topology.Wewillwrite
P
2
(
X
)forthemetricspace
(
P
(
X
)
,W
2
),whichwecallthe
Wassersteinspace
.If(
X,d
)isalengthspacethen
P
2
(
X
)
turnsouttoalsobealengthspace.Itsgeodesicswillbecalled
Wassersteingeodesics
.If
M
isaRiemannianmanifoldthenwewrite
P
2
ac
(
M
)fortheelementsof
P
2
(
M
)thatare
absolutelycontinuouswithrespecttotheRiemanniandensity.
Inthepastfifteenyears,optimaltransportofmeasureshasbeenextensivelystudiedin
thecase
X
=
R
n
,withmotivationcomingfromthestudyofcertainpartialdifferential
equations.Anotionwhichhasprovedusefulisthatof
displacementconvexity
,i.e.convex-
ityalongWassersteingeodesics,whichwasintroducedbyMcCanninordertoshowthe
existenceanduniquenessofminimizersforcertainrelevantfunctionson
P
2
ac
(
R
n
)[31].
Inthepastfewyears,someregularityresultsforoptimaltransporton
R
n
havebeen
extendedtoRiemannianmanifolds[19,32].Thismadeitpossibletostudydisplacement
convexityinaRiemanniansetting.OttoandVillani[36]carriedoutHessiancomputations
forcertainfunctionson
P
2
(
M
)usingaformalinfinite-dimensionalRiemannianstructure
on
P
2
(
M
)definedbyOtto[35].Theseformalcomputationsindicatedarelationshipbe-
tweentheHessianofan“entropy”functionon
P
2
(
M
)andtheRiccicurvatureof
M
.Later,
arigorousdisplacementconvexityresultforaclassoffunctionson
P
2
ac
(
M
),when
M
has
nonnegativeRiccicurvature,wasprovenbyCordero-Erausquin,McCannandSchmucken-
schla¨ger[19].ThisworkwasextendedbyvonRenesseandSturm[40].
RICCICURVATUREVIAOPTIMALTRANSPORT3
AgaininthecaseofRiemannianmanifolds,afurthercircleofideasrelatesdisplacement
convexitytologSobolevinequalities,Poincare´inequalities,Talagrandinequalitiesand
concentrationofmeasure[8,9,27,36].
Inthispaperweuseoptimaltransportanddisplacementconvexityinorderto
define
a
notionofameasuredlengthspace(
X,d,ν
)havingRiccicurvatureboundedbelow.If
N
is
afiniteparameter(playingtheroleofadimension)thenwewilldefineanotionof(
X,d,ν
)
havingnonnegative
N
-Riccicurvature.Wewillalsodefineanotionof(
X,d,ν
)having
∞
-Riccicurvatureboundedbelowby
K
∈
R
.(Theneedtoinputthepossibly-infinite
parameter
N
canbeseenfromtheBishop–Gromovinequalityforcomplete
n
-dimensional
RiemannianmanifoldswithnonnegativeRiccicurvature.Itstatesthat
r
−
n
vol(
B
r
(
m
))is
nonincreasingin
r
,where
B
r
(
m
)isthe
r
-ballcenteredat
m
[23,Lemma5.3.bis].When
wegofrommanifoldstolengthspacesthereisno
apriori
valuefortheparameter
n
.This
indicatestheneedtospecifyadimensionparameterinthedefinitionofRiccicurvature
bounds.)
Wenowgivethemainresultsofthepaper,sometimesinasimplifiedform.Forconsis-
tency,weassumeinthebodyofthepaperthattherelevantlengthspace
X
iscompact.
Thenecessarymodificationstodealwithcompletepointedlocallycompactlengthspaces
aregiveninAppendixE.
Let
U
:[0
,
∞
)
→
R
beacontinuousconvexfunctionwith
U
(0)=0.Givenareference
probabilitymeasure
ν
∈
P
(
X
),definethefunction
U
ν
:
P
2
(
X
)
→
R
∪{∞}
by
Z(0.1)
U
ν
(
)=
U
(
ρ
(
x
))
dν
(
x
)+
U
′
(
∞
)
s
(
X
)
,
Xerehw(0.2)
=
ρν
+
s
istheLebesguedecompositionof
withrespectto
ν
intoanabsolutelycontinuouspart
ρν
andasingularpart
s
,and
(0.3)
U
′
(
∞
)=lim
U
(