Monetary Union: European Lessons, Latin American Prospects
21 pages
English

Monetary Union: European Lessons, Latin American Prospects

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21 pages
English
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Tout savoir sur nos offres

Description

  • fiche de synthèse - matière potentielle : estimates of the benefits
  • leçon - matière potentielle : for regime choice
EHKSHGW PAPER_Vienna CONFERENCE_VERSION.doc Monetary Union: European Lessons, Latin American Prospects Eduard Hochreiter (Oesterreichische Nationalbank) Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel (Banco Central de Chile) Georg Winckler (University of Vienna) [Preliminary Version: April 11, 2002] Paper prepared for the conference Monetary Union: Theory, EMU Experience, and Prospects for Latin America organized by the Oesterreichische Nationalbank, the University of Vienna and the Banco Central de Chile, April 15–16 , 2002, Wien.
  • larger imf data of annual country
  • monetary union
  • integration
  • currency union
  • countries
  • monetary policy
  • exchange rate
  • exchange-rate
  • exchange- rate
  • trade
  • members

Sujets

Informations

Publié par
Nombre de lectures 14
Langue English
Poids de l'ouvrage 1 Mo

Extrait

t
tubes
is
s

iscussed
u
y
C

form

it

or
n


m
.
tion,
n
s
n
a
e

large
o
v
on

is
r
l
is

a
s
cavern?
s
a
o
ly
is
n
s
use

,
e
the
t
t

e.
i
n
the
m
f

some
r

s
t

c
the
types
primary
r
(d
plan).

there
c
of
a
t
f
wi
c
c
i


condary cave developm
c
fre
a
a
o
ques
type of cave), all caves cannot be called caverns.
s
v
many
c
c
b
terms
l

i
However,

e
o

o
e
i
re
a
n
o
A
s
o
cavity
a
l
r
that
r
o
n
that
e
s
d
ion
.
m
h
ll
is
Students will learn to identify the different types o
origin
direct
caves
.
d
are
host
t
Examples
caves
include
e
coral
this
fo
Cavern?
w
A
ec
g
ry
specifc
v
difference
re
naturally
ed


soluble
he
and

the

e
ft



b
This
s
Listed here are the main types of caves, and how the
o
a
n
r
i
quent
e
o

asked
it
d
a
-
Caves
c
a
and
e
o

people
a


the
e
e
c
interchangeably.
a
h se
s

f

d

i
r
t
re

h
w
is

y
a
diffe
n

c
nc
t
v
g

r
i
e
cave

n
any
w
l

in
s
w
p
ground
i
a
a
is
y
a
a
enough
d

s

c
H
n
port
a
e
y
of

s
T
wi
i
a
classifcation
no
based

their
receive
.
f caves.
Primary
sunlight.
are
i
develope
There
as


many
rock
y
solidifying.
of
of
Cave
caves
(d
lava
ent
and
in
caves

escriptions
lesson
l
o
o

).
Is
S
cavern
o
p
da
a

a
a
type
es
e
a
cave,
c
between
rv
formed
o
v
t
in
o
cave
t
rock
ho
a
t
th
ro
a
k
a
y are
.
may later be enlarged by the forces associated wit
r
e

is
k
ability
er
to
t
grow
ha
speleothems.


een
So,
depo
although
i
a
ed
cavern
r
can
o
accu
s
rat
l
ely
d
be
t
called
d
a

cave
M
(sinc
s
e
ed:
m
•Cavern•Geology•
L e s s o n : W h a t i s a C a v e r n ?
Objective
BackgroundInformation
SierraNevadaRecreationCorporation Page
P.O. Box 78, Vallecito, CA 9525 • 209-736-2708 • caverns@caverntours.com • www.caverntours.comwater
water
destroying it.
They
water
containing
n
uni
-
glaciers
volcanic
se
iC
The
exposed.
the
enl

c
walls
ier Caves
There
bulbous
fowi
ng
s
weak
glacier.
Boulders pile up leaving passages underneath and be

pre

the
colonies
the
wind
rel
shallow


melting
ri
it
ak are
similar
form
C
near
of

cre
and
and
open
of
Water
tubes,
ea Caves
vasses
cliffs
d
be
enlarges the crevasses and melts away the ice at t
As
me
carbonate

-
the
released,
is
onate
c
well
Waves
clif
coral

the
ha
n


build
expand
n
sometimes
occurs
v
the
olian Caves
along
the
form
Gla
calcite
hey
v
tunnels
C
lacy
various
snouts
caves.

e
glacial
fro
around


effects
c

bedrock.
c

lude
the
s

through
eroding
is
along
the
e
n
which
I
size from crevices to large chambers.
or
m.
base of the
stream
mpl
with
There are two types of ice caves:
over
level
it
water and
aerated.
Coral Caves
dioxide
The
ng
cave
calcium
rock
leave
e
ice

deposit
of
of
and


deposits
erode
u
in
a-
coral,
c
dg
py
arging
I
water
continues to
the
up.
a
Whe
cave,
slight
and

even
or
rmi
enters
e
cave,
te,
runs
Also known as wind caves. Wind erodes away the we
g

creating
as in sandstone cliffs.
ations
y
to
C
speleo
b
thems.
Long
ol

ani
form
Caves
t
are
the
forms
or
volcanic
of

ri
ar
between
all
walls
ated
ice
m
es
ng
the
lava
an
the
underlyi
of
y
gases.

Categories
area.
volcani

cave
an
inc
from
lava
When
pre
surface
-
r caves.
down
s
shoreline
Waves
cre
away
s
areas
in
sea
pushe
creat

the
et
caves

can
up
any
t
Talus Caves
i
tween the
he
Tufa Caves
the
a
glacier.
of
a
saturated
e Caves
calcium
sea
goes

a
o
cipice
The frst is carved out of glaciers or snowfelds by
be
falls,
comes
/or wind.

o
carbon

is

causi
second

When

a
carb
is
to
cavity
the
er,
as
and
n
fo

el
t
the
drains
sure-ridge caves, spatter cone chambers and bliste
formatio
on
ns.
edge

the

f.
As
Eventually
moisture


form
in
an
a
mb
cave
l
is
s
fro
ped
z
a
en
o
it
.
clings to

the
n
walls
s
and
a natural tunnel.
the
SierraNevadaRecreationCorporation Page 2
P.O. Box 78, Vallecito, CA 9525 • 209-736-2708 • caverns@caverntours.com • www.caverntours.comn
t
e
a
underground
carb
ed.
rocks
a

a
It
tions are basically the same for other soluble rocks

e
s
sulfde,
v
c
l
e
l
soluble
e
sulfate

(oxygen
we
exposed
n
a
the
s
a
r
t
thro
t
sulfde

d
bedrock
t
e
C
as


a

i
onate),
o
e
o
Whe
e
a

leaves,
h
sul
rock.
quantities
high,
mixes
dissolved
y
,
r
acid.

oni
m
however,

d
has
most
of
e
with

m
sandstone
c
r
m
f
,
c
t
is
u


i
j
y
c

s
H
i
ture
s
limestone

a
o
magnesium
n
The
a
salt
e
o
i
the
a
t
exam
r
c
organic
purpose
othe
is
by
limestone
as
d
is
the
c
,
sulfde
c
pe
m
g
oni
a
consi
e
-
t

a
same




u
n
a
acid
c
-
r
be
limestone.
e
of
caverns.
bers
massive
can
suited
lasting
brittle
can
n
l
T

e
,

m

g

a
f
t
olu
g
t
o
i
d

s
caves
o
b
d

a
i
p

h
u
r
f
.
t
e
the
n
o
s
t
t
f
l


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