GfK. Growth from Knowledge

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The GfK Group 2011 GfK. Growth from Knowledge

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LESSON 06: INTRODUCTION TYPES OF SYSTEM

Topics Covered  Types of System  Introduction,  Automated system  General principles of a system  Physical or Abstract system Objectives Upon completion of this Lesson, you should be able to:  Discuss the various types of system  Differentiate between nature system and man made system  Explain about automated system  Explain about physical system and abstract system. Types of System Before reading this lesson Recollect what is a system?And who is a system analyst? Now let us see about the types of system  There are many different types of systems, but indeed, virtually everything that we come into contact with during our dayto day life is either a system or a component of a system (both). It is useful to organize different kinds of systems into useful categories.  Because our ultimate focus is on computer systems, we will divide all systems into two categories: natural systems and manmade systems. Natural systems  There are a lot of systems that are not made by people: they exist in nature and, by and large, serve their own purpose.  It is convenient to divide natural systems into two basic subcategories:  Physical systems  Living systems. Physical systems include such diverse example as: Stellar systems: galaxies, solar systems, and so on. Geological systems: rivers, mountain ranges, and so on. Molecular systems: complex organizations of atoms.  Physical systems are interesting to study because we sometimes want to modify them. We also develop a variety of manmade systems, including computer systems, which must interact harmoniously with physical systems; so it is often important to be able to model those systems to ensure that we understand them as fully as possible.  Living systems encompass all of the myriad animals and plants around us, as well as our own human race. The properties and

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characteristics of familiar living systems can be used to help illustrate and better understand manmade systems. The living systems, whether at the level of the cell, the organ, the organism, the group, the organization, the society, or the supranational system, all contain the 19 subsystems: 1. Thereproducer, which is capable of giving rise to other systems similar to the one, it is in. 2. Theboundary, which holds together the components that make up the system, protects them from environmental stresses, and excludes or permits entry to various sorts of matterenergy and information. 3. Theingestor, which brings matterenergy across the system boundary from its environment. 4. Thedistributor, which carries inputs from outside the system or outputs from its subsystems around the system to each component. 5. Theconverter, which changes certain inputs to the system into forms more useful for the special processes of that particular system. 6. Theproducer, which forms stable associations that endure for significant periods among matterenergy inputs to the system or outputs from its converter, the materials synthesized being or growth, damage repair, or replacement of components of the system, or for providing energy for moving or constituting the system’s outputs of products or information markets to its suprasystem. 7. Thematterenergy storage subsystem, which retains in the system, for different periods of time, deposits of various sorts of matterenergy. 8. Theextruder, which transmits matterenergy out of the system in the form of products or wastes. 9. Themotor, which moves the system or parts of it in relation to part or all of its environment or moves components of its environment in relation to each other. 10. The supporter, which maintains the proper spatial relationships among components of the systems, so that they can interact without weighing each other down or crowding each other. 11. Theinput transducer, which brings markers bearing information into system, changing them to other matterenergy forms suitable for transmission within it. 12. The internal transducer, which receives, from other subsystems or components within the system,. 13. The channel and net, which are composed of a single route in physical space, or multiple interconnected routes, by which markers bearing information are transmitted to all parts of the system.

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14. The decoder, who alters the code of information input to it through the input transducer or internal transducer into a private code that can be used internally by the system. 15. The associator, which carries out the first stage of the learning process, forming enduring associations among items of information in the system. 16. The memory, which carries out the second stage of the learning process, storing various sorts of information in the system for different periods of time. 17. The decider, which receives information inputs from all other subsystems and transmits to them information outputs that control the entire system. 18. The encoder, who alters the code of information input to it from other information processing subsystems, from a private code used internally by the system into a public code that can be interpreted by other systems in its environment. 19. The output transducer, which puts out markers bearing information from the system, changing markers within the system into other matterenergy forms that can be transmitted over channels in the system’s environment. Keep in mind that many manmade systems (and automated systems) interact with living systems. In some cases, automated systems are being designed to replace living systems. And in other cases, researchers are considering living systems as components of automated systems. Manmade systems Manmade systems include such things as: 1. Socialsystems: organizations of laws, doctrines, customs, and so on. 2. Anorganized, disciplined collection of ideas. 3. Transportationsystems: networks of highways, canals, airlines and so on. 4 Communicationsystems: telephone, telex, and so on. 5. Manufacturingsystems: factories, assembly lines, and so on. 6. Financialsystems: accounting, inventory, general ledger and so on.  Most of these systems include computers today.  As a systems analyst, you will naturally assume that every system that you come in contact with should be computerized. And the customer or user, with whom you interact will generally assume that you have such a bias.  A systems analyst will analyze, or study, the system to determine its essence: and understand the system’s required behavior, independent of the technology used to implement the system.  In most case, we will be in a position to determine whether it makes sense to use a computer to carry out the functions of the system only after modeling its essential behavior.  Some information processing systems may not be automated because of these common reasons: Cost; Convenience; Security; Maintainability; Politics. Automated systems Automated systems are the manmade systems that interact with or are controlled by one or more computers.

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We can distinguish many different kinds of automated systems, but they all tend to have common components: 1. Computer hardware (CPUs, disks, terminals, and so on). 2. Computer software: system programs such as operating systems, database systems, and so on. 3. People: those who operate the system, those who provide its inputs and consume its outputs, and those who provide manual processing activities in a system. 4. Data: the information that the system remembers over a period of time. 5. Procedures: formal policies and instructions for operating the system. One way of categorizing automated systems is by application. However, this turn out not to be terribly useful, for the techniques that we will discuss for analyzing, modeling, designing, and implementing automated systems are generally the same regardless of the application. A more useful categorization of automated systems is as follows: 1.Batch system:A batch system is one which in it, the information is usually retrieved on a sequential basis, which means that the computer system read through all the records in its database, processing and updating those records for which there is some activity. 2.Online systems:An online system is one, which accepts input directly from the area where it is created. It is also a system in which the outputs, or results of computation, are returned directly to where they are required. 3.Realtime systems:A realtime system may be defined as one which controls an environment by receiving data, processing them, and returning the results sufficiently quickly to affect the environment at that time. 4.Decisionsupport systems:These computer systems do not make decisions on their own, but instead help managers and other professional “knowledge workers” in an organization make intelligent, informed decisions about various aspects of the operation. Typically, the decisionsupport systems are passive in the sense that they do not operate on a regular basis: instead, they are used on an ad hoc basis, whenever needed. 5.Knowledgebased systems:The goal of computer scientists working in the field of artificial intelligence is to produce programs that imitate human performance in a wide variety of “intelligent” tasks. For some expert systems, that goal is close to being attained. For others, although we do not yet know how to construct programs that perform well on their own, we can begin to build programs that significantly assist people in their performance of a task. General systems principles There are a few general principles that are of particular interest to people building automated information systems. They include the following: 1. Themore specialized a system is, the less able it is to adapt to different circumstances. 2. Themore generalpurpose a system is, the less optimized it is for any particular situation. But the more the system is

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optimized for a particular situation, the less adaptable it will be to new circumstances. 3. Thelarger a system is, the more of its resources that must be devoted to its everyday maintenance. 4. Systemsare always part of larger systems, and they can always be partitioned into smaller systems. 5. Systemsgrow. This principle could not be true for all systems, but many of the systems with which we are familiar do grow, because we often fail to take it into account when we begin developing the system. Physical or Abstract system Types of system Systems have been classified in different ways. Common classifications are  Physical or Abstract System  Open or closed system  Man made system Physical System  Physical systems are tangible entities that may be static or dynamic in operation.  For example, the physical parts of the computer center are the offices, desks, and chairs that facilitate operation of the computer.  They can be seen and counted; they are static.  But a programmed computer is a dynamic system.  Data, programs, output, and applications change as the user’s demands or the priority of the information requested changes. Abstract System  Abstract systems are conceptual or nonphysical entities.  They may be as formulas of relationships among sets of variables or models.  A model is a representation of a real or a planned system.  The use of models makes it easier for the analyst to visualize relationships in the system. Review Various types of systems Natural System § Thereare a lot of systems that are not made by people: they exist in nature and, by and large, serve their own purpose. § Physicalsystems § Livingsystems. Manmade System Manmade systems include such things as: 1. Socialsystems 2. Anorganized, disciplined collection of ideas. 3. Transportationsystems. 4 Communicationsystems 5 Manufacturingsystems 6. Financialsystems

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 Automatedsystem  Generalprinciples of a system  Physicalsystem  AbstractSystem Questions Differentiate between the natural system and man made system. 1 2 3 4 5 Discuss about the automated system. State whether it is a natural system or man made system. 1 2 3 4 5 Give some real world examples for physical or abstract system. 1 2 3 4 5 References Heuring, Vincent P. Computer systems design and architecture Delhi : Pearson Education Asia, 1997 Whitten, Jeffrey L. Systems analysis and design methods 5th ed. New Delhi : Galgotia Publications, 2001 Shelly, Gary B. Systems analysisand design 3rd ed. New Delhi : Galgotia Publications, 1999 Awad, Elias M. Systems analysis and design New Delhi : Galgotia Publications, 1997 Hoffer, Jeffrey A. Modern systems analysis and design 2nd ed. Delhi : Pearson Education Asia, 2000 Sarkar, A.K. Systems analysis, data processing and quantitative techniquesNew Delhi : Galgotia Publications, 1997

Hawryszkiewycz, Igor Introduction to systems analysis & design 4th ed. New Delhi : Prentice Hall of India, 2002

Refer to Website address http://www.sce.carleton.ca http://www.wiwd.uscourts.gov http://www.umsl.edu

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