Freud's theory of femininity

Frans Tassigny

Description

I have promised to tell you of a few more psychical peculiarities of mature femininity, as we come across them in analytic observation. We do not lay claim to more than an average vailidity for these assertions; nor is it always easy to distinguish what should be ascribed to the influence of the sexual function and what to social breeding.
  [Moins]

Informations

• Publié par: Une-Universite-de-la-Psychanalyse
• Nombre de lectures: 25
• Langue: English

Extrait

On Freud’s ‘Femininity’ with Graciela Abelin-Sas Rose, MD & Leticia Glocer Fiorini, MD at NYPSI

NEW YORK PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIETY & INSTITUTE: A. A. BRILL LIBRARY Marianne and Nicholas Young Auditorium 247 East 82nd St., between 2nd & 3rd, NY, NY, 10028  212-879-6900

www.psychoanalysis.org

Saturday, November 10, 2012, 9 am – 12 noon, $10 Suggested Donation

Presents a panel discussion with five of the international contributing authors of the landmark publication On Freud’s ‘Femininity’

Graciela Abelin-Sas Rose, MD & Leticia Glocer Fiorini, MD editors Karnac, 2010

Chair: Francis Baudry, MD (NYPSI) Panelists: Graciela Abelin-Sas Rose, MD (New York) Emilce Dio Bleichmar, MD (Madrid) Leticia Glocer Fiorini, MD (Buenos Aires) Mary Kay O’Neil, PhD (Montreal) Barbara Rocah, MD (Chicago)

Discourse on women has changed greatly since Freud’s time. It coincides with deep changes experienced by women and the feminine position, at least in most of the Western world. It is common knowledge that contraceptives, assisted fertilization, advances in women’s rights, growing sublimation capacities and demonstrations of professional success have definitely changed ideas regarding an eternal and immutable feminine nature. We are interested in illuminating ways in which these changes have or have not influenced psychoanalytic debate in relation to the feminine. This implies renewing the question of what is authentically feminine and whether there is any essential truth concerning the feminine.

In this book we have assembled a group of contemporary psychoanalytic authors dedicated to studies on women and the feminine with the objective of displaying points of concordance and discordance in relation to Freudian proposals.

Graciela Abelin-Sas Rose, MD is a member of the New York Psychoanalytic Society and of the Association for Psychoanalytic Medicine. She is a member of CAPS (Center for the Advancement of Psychoanalysis). She is the founder and former Chairperson of the New York Psychoanalytic Institute’s Colloquium with Visiting Authors, where psychoanalysts from all over the world, with different perspectives in psychoanalysis, presented their points of

view. She served for several years as the Foreign Editor of the Journal of Clinical Psychoanalysis and is at present a member of the Committee for Foreign Book Reviews for the Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association. She is in private practice and conducts private seminars and supervisions. Her published works include: “To Mother or Not to Mother: Abortion and its Challenges” (1992); “Discovering One’s Own Responsibility in A Judgmental System” (1996); “The Headless Woman: Scheherazade’s Syndrome” (1994). “The First Interview: From Psychopathology to Psychoexistential Diagnosis” (1997); “The Internal Interlocutor” (2002); “Malignant Passionate Attachments” (2004); and “Implicit Theories of the Psychoanalyst about Femininity” (2009). She has been the guest lecturer at many national and international institutions, presenting on topics including: “Expanding Worlds: Women’s Development after Forty-Five” (1995); “Working Through” (2007); “Coupledom”, “A Case of Inhibition of Creativity”, and “Winnicott’s 1968 Visit to the New York Psychoanalytic Institute” (2008); “The Synergizing Effect of Individual and Couple Therapy” (2009); “The Perilous Road to Hope” (2010).

Emilce Dio Bleichmar, MD (Universidad Buenos Aires), is a PhD in the programme “Principles and Developments in Psychoanalysis”(Universidad Autonoma Madrid); a full member of the Argentine Psychoanalytic Association and the International Psychoanalytical Association; Director of and Professor in the postgraduate course: Clinic and Psychoanalytic “ Psychotherapy of the Child and His/Her Family”, ELIPSIS, teaching institution of Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Madrid; Vice-President of the Forum Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy Society in Madrid, founded by her together with Hugo Bleichmar in 1995; editorial reader of the journal International Ferrum of Psychoanalysis (Sweden); and Member of the International Attachment-Network (IAN). She is the author of the following books: Fears and Phobias: Genesis Conditions on Infancy (1982); The Spontaneous Feminism of the Hysteria (1985) [Clara Campoamor Award Essay, Women Institute, Madrid]; Depression in Women (1991); Feminine Sexuality: From Child to Woman (1998); Gender, Psychoanalysis, Subjectivity (1996) (edited with Mabel Burin); Manual of Psychotherapy of the Relation between Parent and Children (2005). She is also the author of a number of articles in edited books and specialized journals in Argentina, Brazil, the United States, and Spain.” (1984).

Leticia Glocer Fiorini, MD is a Training and Supervising Analyst of the Argentine Psychoanalytic Association. She is also current chair (since 2005) of the Publications Committee of the International Psychoanalytical Association; former chair of the Publications Committee of the Argentine Psychoanalytic Association and former member of the Editorial Board of the Reuista de Psicoaruilisis, Buenos Aires. She is General Editor of the IPA Publications Committee’s Series. She has been awarded the Celes Carcarno Prize for her paper: “The feminine position: A heterogeneous construction” (APA,1994). She is also the author of Lo femenino y el pensamientocomplejo (2001), published in English as Deconstructing the Feminine: Psychoanalysis, Gender and Theories of complexity (2007); co-editor of On Freud’s Mourning and Melancholia (2007) and of The Experience of Time (2009). She is also Editor, in Spanish, of: The Other in the Intersubjective Field (2004); Time, History and Structure (2006); Labyrinths of Violence (2008); and The Body: Languages and Silences (2008). She has also published numerous papers about femininity in books and in psychoanalytic journals in Spanish, English, Portuguese, and Italian.

Mary Kay O’Neil, PhD, a Training and Supervising Analyst of the Canadian Institute of Psychoanalysis (CIP), is in private practice as a psychoanalyst and psychologist in Montreal, Quebec. Currently, she is Director of the Canadian Institute of Psychoanalysis (Quebec

English) and secretary/treasurer of the CIP. She completed her PhD at the University of Toronto, where she was on the staff at the University of Toronto Psychiatric Service and Assistant Professor in the Department of Psychiatry. Her psychoanalytic training was completed at the Toronto Institute of Psychoanalysis. She is author of The Unsung Psychoanalyst: The Quiet Influence of Ruth Easser and co-editor of Confidentiality: Ethical Perspectives and Clinical Dilemmas; On Freud’s “The Future of an Illusion”; and On Freud’s ”Beyond the Pleasure Principle”. Her research and publications include articles on depression and young adult development, emotional needs of sole-support mothers, post-analytic contacts, and psychoanalytic ethics. She has served on psychoanalytic ethics committees at local, national, and international levels, on the IPA finance committee, and as a reviewer for the Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association and the Canadian Journal of Psychoanalysis, and is on the North American Editorial Board of the International Journal of Psychoanalysis.

Barbara S. Rocah, MD is a Training and Supervising Analyst and Faculty at the Chicago Institute for Psychoanalysis, Geographic Rule Supervising Analyst at the Wisconsin Psychoanalytic Institute, and Past President of the Chicago Psychoanalytic Society. She is a Member of the Center for Advanced Psychoanalytic Studies. She has taught many courses and workshops, including Freud’s Clinical Theory, Advanced Freud Studies, and The Psychology of Women: Current and Historical Views. Her publications and presentations include “The Impact of the Analyst’s Pregnancy on a Vulnerable Child: A Case Presentation with Discussion by Miss Anna Freud” (2009); Links Between the Personal and the Theoretical: Some Insights from Freud’s Self-analysis That Influenced Later Conceptualizations (presentation, Prague, Czech Republic, May 2006); “The Language of Flowers: Freud’s Adolescent Language of Love, Lust, and Longing” (2002); Personal Reflections on the Continuing Significance of Infantile Sexuality to Pathogenesis (presentation to the American Psychoanalytic Association, 1987); A Pluralistic Conception of Gender Identity (presentation to the American Psychoanalytic Association, 1986); “Fixation in Late Adolescent Women: Negative Oedipus Complex, Fear of Being Influenced, and Resistance to Change” (1984).

Francis Baudry, M.D. is a Training & Supervising Analyst at the New York Psychoanalytic Society & Institute (NYPSI). RSVP to [e-mail]

For more information, contact [e-mail]

Educational Objectives: After attending this activity, participants will: 1) understand current controversies about femininity; 2) identify the many sources of bias concerning the psychology of women; 3) clarify the interface between concepts of primary masculinity and primary femininity; 4) indicate the contributions of women analysts who have studied the topic.

Information regarding CME credit for physicians

This activity has been planned and implemented in accordance with the Essential Areas and policies of the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education through the joint sponsorship of the American Psychoanalytic Association and the New York Psychoanalytic Society & Institute. The American Psychoanalytic Association is accredited by the ACCME to provide continuing medical education for physicians.

The American Psychoanalytic Association designates this Live Activity for a maximum of [2.75] AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s)™. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.

IMPORTANT DISCLOSURE INFORMATION FOR ALL LEARNERS: None of the planners and presenters of this CME program have any relevant financial relationships to disclose.

Information regarding CE credit for psychologists

Psychologists: New York Psychoanalytic Society & Institute is approved by the American Psychological Association (APA) to sponsor continuing education programs for psychologists. NYPSI maintains responsibility for this program and its content. APA-approved CE credits are granted to participants with documented attendance and completed evaluation forms. Attendance is monitored. It is the responsibility of participants seeking APA-approved CE credits to comply with these requirements.

Persons with disabilities: The building is wheelchair accessible and has an elevator.

IMPORTANT DISCLOSURE: None of the planners or presenters of this CE program has any relevant financial relationships to disclose.

Notes on Freud's theory of femininity

Doug Davis 

New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis

(Freud, 1933)

33. Femininity

 

[W]hen one starts makingexcusesit turns out in the end that it was all inevitable, all the work of destiny. . . . Nor will you have escaped worrying over this problem -- those of you who are men; those of you who are women this will not apply -- you are yourselves the problem (Freud, 1933, p. 113)

reud is pictured in the frontispiece of Volume 22 of theStandard dition, as he looked in 1929 [age 74]. He sits there, white beard urned toward us, holding a cigar in his left hand.

reud presents himself as "struggling with an internal difficulty," ince he doesn't know at what level to peg his lectures and has herefore found them to be without araison d'ètre. He ummarizes the topics of the first four lectures in the new series,

noting that the preceding two must have been hard going. He then jokes about his excuse-making, and introduces this lecture as serving "as an example of a detailed piece of analytic work" and having two things to recommend it: "It brings forward nothing but observed facts, almost without any speculative additions, and it deals with a subject which has a claim on your interest second almost to no other" (Freud, 1933.[1]

 

 

Tackling the riddle of femininity:

In conformity with its peculiar nature, psychoanalysis does not try to describe what a women is -- that would be a task it could scarcely perform -- but sets about enquiring how she comes into being, how a woman develops out of a child with a bisexual disposition (Freud, 1933, p. 116).

It is not my intention to pursue the further behavior of femininity through puberty to the period of maturity. Our knowledge, moreover, would be insufficient for the purpose. ... Furthermore, it is our impression that more constraint has been applied to the libido when it is pressed into the service of the feminine function, and that -- to speak teleologically -- in the fact that the accomplishment of the aim of biology has been entrusted to the aggressiveness of men and has been made to some extent independent of women's consent.

I have promised to tell you of a few more psychical peculiarities of mature femininity, as we come across them in analytic observation. We do not lay claim to more than an average vailidity for these assertions; nor is it always easy to distinguish what should be ascribed to the influence of the sexual function and what to social breeding. Thus, we attribute a larger amount of narcissism to femininity,[2]which also affects women's choice of object, so that to be loved is a stronger motive for them than to love. The effect of penis-envy has a share, further, in the physical vanity of women, since they are bound to value their charms more highly as a late compensation for their original sexual inferiority.[3]Shame, which is considered to be a feminine characteristicpar excellencebut is far more a matter of convention than might be supposed, has as its purpose, we believe, concealment of genital deficiency. We are not forgetting that at a later time shame takes on other functions. It seems that women have made few contributions to the discoveries and inventions in the history of civilization; there is, however, one technique which they may have invented -- that of plaiting and weaving. If that is so, we should be tempted to guess the unconscious motive for the achievement. Nature herself would seem to have given the model which this achievement imitates by causing the growth at maturity of the pubic hair that conceals the genitals. The step that remained to be taken lay in making the threads adhere to one another, while on the body they stick into the skin and are only matted together.[4]If you reject this idea as fantastic[5]my belief in the influence of the lack of a penis on the configuration ofand regard femininity as anidàe fixe, I am of course defenceless (Freud, 1933, p. 132).

... Another alteration in a woman's nature, for which lovers are unprepared, may occur in a marriage after the first child is born. Under the influence of a woman's becoming a mother herself, an identification with her own mother may be revived, against which she had striven up til the time of her marriage, and this may attract all the available libido to itself, so that the compulsion to repeat reproduces an unhappy marriage between her parents. The difference

in a mother's reaction to the birth of a son or a daughter shows that the old factor of lack of a penis has even now lost its strength. A mother is only brought unlimited satisfaction by her relation to a son; this is altogether the most perfect, the most free from ambivalence of all human relationships[6]son the ambition which she has beenA mother can transfer to her obliged to suppress in herself, and she can expect from him the satisfaction of all that has been left over in her of her masculinity complex (SE 22, 133).[7]

[1]This is one of three major treatments of the subject by Freud. Compare: Freud, S. [1925] Some psychical consequences of the anatomical distinction between the sexes. In J. Strachey (Ed.)The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. London: The Hogarth Press, 1961.

Freud begins with the observation that examination of the effects of the effects of earliest childhood "leads us into dark regions where there are as yet no sign-posts," asks himself rhetorically why he doesn't wait until he has proof, observes of himself that "formerly, I was never one of those who are unable to hold back what seems to be a new discovery until it has been either confirmed or corrected," and notes that bothThe Interpretation of Dreamsand "Dora" "were suppressed by me-- if not for the nine years enjoined by Horace-- at all events forfour or five yearsbefore I allowed them to be published." Strachey notes that the paper was finished in August, 1925, and read for Freud by Anna at the Homberg International Conference September 3. Strachey comments on Freud's protestations starting with theThree Essaysthat the sexual life of women is "veiled in an impenetrable obscurity" (SE 7, 151; cf. 1900 [ID, SE 4, 257; 1908 [On the sexual theories of children,SE 9, 211]; 1916-17 [Introductory lectures #21]; 1926 [The question of lay analysis,SE 20, 212]; cf. Gilligan, 1984). As Strachey notes, Freud's general stance in these varied contexts is to assert that the sexual and especially Oedipal development of boys and girls are analogous, although he was elsewhere (e.g., 1919 ['A child is being beaten': A contribution to the study of the origin of the perversions,SE 17, 196]

References

Freud, S. (1933).New introductory lectures on psychoanalysis. Lecture 33: Femininity. Standard Edition, v. 22. pp. 136-157.

Gilligan, Carol. (1984) The conquistador and the dark continent: Reflections on the psychology of love.Daedalus(Summer 1984), pp. 75-95.

Rapaport, D. (1953). The metapsychology of activity and passivity. In M.M. Gill (Ed.)The Ccollected papers of David Rapaport. New York: Basic Books, 1967. pp. 530-568.

Silverman, K. (1984).Histoire d'O: The construction of a female subject. In C.S. Vance (Ed.).Pleasure and danger: Exploring female sexuality. Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 320-349.

This seems to be Freud's argument: Woman is passive, man active. Activity-passivity is a personality dimension. "Active" is

gendered "masculine," "passive" "feminine." One's sex-disparate quality (female masculinity, male femininity) is ego-alien, something one might struggle to control, balance, or release.

[2] Imagine the way this gets sold to the female infant: "Oh what a beautiful baby you are. You're the most beautiful baby in the whole world. You're going to make some mansohappy...." See Kaja Silverman (1984, p. 324):

It will be my working hypothesis ... that while human bodies exist prior todiscourse, it is only through discourse that they arrive at the condition of being "male" or "female"--that discourse functions first to territorialize and then to mapmeaningonto bodies. In other words I will argure that the female body cannot be seen as existing outside of discourse... (Silverman, 1984).

[3] Strachey footnotes Freud's 1914 paper "On Narcisisism."

[4]What might Freud's preconscious associations be at this point?

[5]Everytime Freud refuses to appologize let's infer superego criticism,i.e., some transientwishto do so..

[6]A favorite example of Freud's, suggesting it touches a significant personal dynamic (cf. Freud's 1899 "Screen Memories"). Strachey footnotes theIntroductory Lectures(1916;SE 15, 206),Group Psychology(1921;SE 18, 101), andCivilization and Its Discontents (1930;SE 21, 113). On rivalry with fathers and its vicissitudes, cf. Freud, 1928, "Dostoevsy and Parricide," where he argues (SE 21, 184) that bisexuality, castration fears, and [resultant] "repressed homosexuality" are the "key" to Dostoevsky's "so-called epilepsy."

[7]This dazzlingly obtuse passage surely should have alerted Freud'sepigones to the fact something was amiss with the master, back before the First World War.

Freud on Femininity

FromNew Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis(1933) ... In conformity with its peculiar nature, psycho-analysis does not try to describe what a woman is — that would be a task it could scarcely perform — but sets about enquiring how she comes into being, how a woman develops out of a child with a bisexual disposition ... ... A little girl is as a rule less aggressive, defiant and self-sufficient; she seems to have a greater need for being shown affection and on that account to be more dependent and pliant. It is probably only as a result of this pliancy that she can be taught more easily and quicker to control her excretions: urine and feces are the first gifts that children make to those who look after them, and controlling them is the first concession to which the instinctual life of children can be induced. One gets an impression, too, that little girls are more intelligent and livelier than boys of the same age; they go out more to meet the external world and at the same time form stronger object-cathexes. I cannot say whether this lead in development has been confirmed by exact observations, but in any case there is no question that girls cannot be described as intellectually backward. These sexual differences are not, however, of great consequence: they can be outweighed by individual variations. For our immediate purposes they can be disregarded. Both sexes seem to pass through the early phases of libidinal development in the same manner. It might have been expected that in girls there would already have been some lag in aggressiveness in the sadistic-anal phase, but such is not the case. Analysis of children's play has shown our women analysts that the aggressive impulses of little girls leave nothing to be desired in the way of abundance

and violence. With their entry into the phallic phase the differences between the sexes are completely eclipsed by their agreements. We are now obliged to recognize that the little girl is a little man. In boys, as we know, this phase is marked by the fact that they have learnt how to derive pleasurable sensations from their small penis and connect its excited state with their ideas of sexual intercourse. Little girls do the same thing with their still smaller clitoris. It seems that with them all their masturbatory acts are carried out on this penis-equivalent, and that the truly feminine vagina is still undiscovered by both sexes. It is true that there are a few isolated reports of early vaginal sensations as well, but it could not be easy to distinguish these from sensations in the anus or vestibulum; in any case they cannot play a great part. We are entitled to keep to our view that in the phallic phase of girls the clitoris is the leading erotogenic zone. But it is not, of course, going to remain so. With the change to femininity the clitoris should wholly or in part hand over its sensitivity, and at the same time its importance, to the vagina. This would be one of the two tasks which a woman has to perform in the course of her development, whereas the more fortunate man has only to continue at the time of his sexual maturity the activity that he has previously carried out at the period of the early efflorescence of his sexuality. We shall return to the part played by the clitoris; let us now turn to the second task with which a woman's development is burdened. A boy's mother is the first object of his love, and she remains so too during the formation of his Oedipus complex and, in essence, all through his life. For a girl, too, her first object must be her mother (and the figures of wet-nurses and foster-mothers that merge into her). The first object-cathexes occur in attachment to the satisfaction of the major and simple vital needs, and the circumstances of the care of children are the same for both sexes. But in the Oedipus situation the girl's father has become her love-object, and we expect that in the normal course of development she will find her way from this paternal object to her final choice of an object. In the course of time, therefore, a girl has to change her erotogenic zone and her object — both of which a boy retains. The question then arises of how this happens: in particular, how does a girl pass from her mother to an attachment to her father? or, in other words, how does she pass from her masculine phase to the feminine one to which she is biologically destined? ... ... All these factors — the slights, the disappointments in love, the jealousy, the seduction followed by prohibition — are, after all, also in operation in the relation of aboyto his mother and are yet unable to alienate him from the maternal object. Unless we can find something that is specific for girls and is not present or not in the same way present in boys, we shall not have explained the termination of the attachment of girls to their mother. I believe we have found this specific factor, and indeed where we expected to find it, even though in a surprising form. Where we expected to find it, I say, for it lies in the castration complex. After all, the anatomical distinction [between the sexes] must express itself in psychical consequences. It was, however, a surprise to learn from analyses that girls hold their mother responsible for their lack of a penis and do not forgive her for their being thus put at a disadvantage. As you hear, then, we ascribe a castration complex to women as well. And for good reasons, though its content cannot be the same as with boys. In the latter the castration complex arises after they have learnt from the sight of the female genitals that the organ which they value so highly need not necessarily accompany the body. At this the boy recalls to mind the threats he brought on himself by his doings with that organ, he begins to give credence to them and falls under the influence of fear of castration, which will be the most powerful motive force in his subsequent development. The castration complex of girls is also started by the sight of the genitals of the other sex. They at once notice the difference and, it must be admitted, its significance, too. They feel seriously wronged, often declare that they want to "have something like it too," and fall a victim to "envy for the penis," which will leave ineradicable traces on their development and the formation of their character and which will not be surmounted in even the most favorable cases without a severe expenditure of psychical energy. The girl's recognition of the fact of her being without a penis does not by any means imply that she submits to the fact easily. On the contrary, she continues to hold on for a long time to the wish to get something like it herself and she believes in that possibility for improbably long years; and analysis can show that, at a period when knowledge of reality has long since rejected the fulfillment of the wish as unattainable, it persists in the unconscious and retains a considerable cathexis of energy. The wish to get the longed-for penis eventually in spite of everything may contribute to the motives that drive a

mature women to analysis, and what she may reasonably expect from analysis -- a capacity, for instance, to carry on an intellectual profession -- may often be recognized as a sublimated modification of this repressed wish. One cannot very well doubt the importance of envy for the penis. You may take it as an instance of male injustice if I assert that envy and jealousy play an even greater part in the mental life of women than of men. It is not that I think these characteristics are absent in men or that I think they have no other roots in women than envy for the penis; but I am inclined to attribute their amount in women to this latter influence.... The discovery that she is castrated is a turning-point in a girl's growth. Three possible lines of development start from it: one leads to sexual inhibition or to neurosis, the second to change of character in the sense of a masculinity complex, the third, finally, to normal femininity. We have learnt a fair amount, though not everything, about all three. The essential content of the first is as follows: the little girl has hitherto lived in a masculine way, has been able to get pleasure by the excitation of her clitoris and has brought this activity into relation with her sexual wishes directed towards her mother, which are often active ones; now, owing to the influence of her penis-envy, she loses her enjoyment in her phallic sexuality. Her self-love is mortified by the comparison with the boy's far superior equipment and in consequence she renounced her masturbatory satisfaction from her clitoris, repudiates her love for her mother and at the same time not infrequently represses a good part of her sexual trends in general. No doubt her turning away from her mother does not occur all at once, for to begin with the girl regards her castration as an individual misfortune, and only gradually extends it to other females and finally to her mother as well. Her love was directed to herphallicmother; and with the discovery that her mother is castrated it becomes possible to drop her as an object, so that the motives for hostility, which have long been accumulating, gain the upper hand. This means, therefore, that as a result of the discovery of women's lack of a penis they are debased in value for girls just as they are for boys and later perhaps for men. ... Along with the abandonment of clitoridal masturbation a certain amount of activity is renounced. Passivity now has the upper hand, and the girl's turning to her father is accomplished principally with the help of passive instinctual impulses. You can see that a wave of development like this, which clears the phallic activity out of the way, smooths the ground for femininity. If too much is not lost in the course of it through repression, this femininity may turn out to be normal. The wish with which the girl turns to her father is no doubt originally the wish for the penis which her mother has refused her and which she now expects from her father. The feminine situation is only established, however, if the wish for a penis is replaced by one for a baby, if, that is, a baby takes the place of a penis in accordance with an ancient symbolic equivalence. It has not escaped us that the girl has wished for a baby earlier, in the undisturbed phallic phase: that, of course, was the meaning of her playing with dolls. But that play was not in fact an expression of her femininity; it served an an identification with her mother with the intention of substituting activity for passivity. She was playing the part of her mother and the doll was herself; now she could do with the baby everything that her mother used to do for her. Not until the emergence of a wish for a penis does the doll-baby become a baby from the girl's father, and thereafter the aim of the most powerful feminine wish. Her happiness is great if later on this wish for a baby finds fulfillment in reality, and quite especially so if the baby is a little boy who brings the longed-for penis with him. Often enough in her combined picture of "a baby from her father," the emphasis is laid on the baby and the father left unstressed. In this way the ancient masculine wish for the possession of a penis is still faintly visible through the femininity now achieved. ... With the transference of the wish for a penis-baby on to her father, the girl has entered the situation of the Oedipus complex. Her hostility to her mother, which did not need to be freshly created, is now greatly intensified, for she becomes the girl's rival, who receives from her father everything that she desires from him. ... For girls the Oedipus situation is the outcome of a long and difficult development; it is a kind of preliminary solution, a position of rest which is not soon abandoned, especially as the beginning of the latency period is not far distant. And we are not struck by a difference between the two sexes, which is probably momentous, in regard to the relation of the Oedipus complex to the castration complex. In a boy the Oedipus complex, in which he desires his mother and would like to get rid of his father as being a rival, develops naturally from the phase of his phallic sexuality. The threat of castration compels him, however, to give up that attitude. Under the impression of the danger

of losing his penis. the Oedipus complex is abandoned, repressed, and in the most normal cases, entirely destroyed, and a severe super-ego is set up as its heir. What happens with a girl is almost the opposite. The castration complex prepares for the Oedipus complex instead of destroying it; the girl is driven out of her attachment to her mother through the influence of her envy for the penis and she enters the Oedipus situation as though into a haven of refuge. In the absence of fear of castration the chief motive is lacking which leads boys to surmount the Oedipus complex. Girls remain in it for an indeterminate length of time; they demolish it late and even so, incompletely. In these circumstances the formation of the super-ego must suffer; it cannot attain the strength and independence which give it its cultural significance, and feminists are not pleased when we point out to the the effects of this factor upon the average feminine character. ... A woman's identification with her mother allows us to distinguish two strata: the pre-Oedipus one which rests on her affectionate attachment to her mother and takes her as a model, and the later one from the Oedipus complex which seeks to get rid of the mother and take her place with the father. We are no doubt justified in saying that much of both of them is left over for the future and that neither of them is adequately surmounted in the course of development. But the phase of the affectionate pre-Oedipus attachment is the decisive one for a woman's future: during it, preparations are made for the acquisition of the characteristics with which she will later fulfill her role in the sexual function and perform her invaluable social tasks. It is in this identification too that she acquires her attractiveness to a man, whose Oedipus attachment to his mother it kindles into passion. ... The fact that women must be regarded as having little sense of justice is no doubt related to the predominance of envy in their mental life; for the demand for justice is a modification of envy and lays down the condition subject to which one can put envy aside. We also regard women as weaker in their social interests and has having less capacity for sublimating their instincts than men. The former is no doubt derived from the dissocial quality which unquestionably characterizes all sexual relations. Lovers find sufficiency in each other, and families too resist inclusion in more comprehensive associations. The aptitude for sublimation is subject to the greatest individual variations. On the other hand I cannot help mentioning an impression that we are constantly receiving during analytic practice. A man of about thirty strikes us as a youthful, somewhat unformed individual, whom we expect to make powerful use of the possibilities for development opened up to him by analysis. A woman of the same age, however, often frightens us by her psychical rigidity and unchangeability. Her libido has taken up final positions and seems incapable of exchanging them for others. There are no paths open to further development; it is as though the whole process had already run its course and remains thenceforward insusceptible to influence -- as though, indeed, the difficult development to femininity had exhausted the possibilities of the person concerned....