A Critique of the Theory of Evolution

Thomas Hunt Morgan

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The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Critique of the Theory of Evolution, by Thomas Hunt MorganThis eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and withalmost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away orre-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License includedwith this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.netTitle: A Critique of the Theory of EvolutionAuthor: Thomas Hunt MorganRelease Date: December 17, 2009 [EBook #30701]Language: English*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CRITIQUE OF THEORY OF EVOLUTION ***Produced by Bryan Ness, Keith Edkins, and the OnlineDistributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net. Pagesscanned by Bryan Ness.Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected. They appear in the text like this, and the explanationwill appear when the mouse pointer is moved over the marked passage. Figures 41 and 42 have beeninterchanged from the printed copy in order to match the text.Princeton UniversityTHE LOUIS CLARK VANUXEM FOUNDATIONLECTURES FOR 1915-1916The Louis Clark Vanuxem Foundation of Princeton Universitywas established in 1912 with a bequest of $25,000 under the will of Louis Clark Vanuxem, of the Class of 1879. By direction of theexecutors of Mr. Vanuxem's estate, the income of the foundation is to be used for a series of public lectures delivered in Princetonannually, at least one half of which shall be on subjects of current scientific interest. The lectures are to be ...

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• Publié par: enji
• Publié le: 08 décembre 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 32
• Langue: English

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The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Critique of the Theory of Evolution, by Thomas Hunt Morgan This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net Title: A Critique of the Theory of Evolution Author: Thomas Hunt Morgan Release Date: December 17, 2009 [EBook #30701] Language: English *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CRITIQUE OF THEORY OF EVOLUTION *** Produced by Bryan Ness, Keith Edkins, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net. Pages scanned by Bryan Ness.

scanned by Bryan Ness. T r a n s c ri b e r' s n o t e : A few typographical errors have been corrected . They appear in the text like this, and the expla nation will appear when the mouse pointer is m oved over the marked passage. Figures 41 and 42 have been interchanged from the printed co py in order to match the text. Princeton University THE LOUIS CLARK VANUXEM FOUNDATION LECTURES FOR 1915-1916 The Louis Clark Vanuxem Foundation of Princeton University

was established in 1912 with a bequest of $25,000 under the will of Louis Clark Vanuxem, of the Class of 1879. By direction of the executors of Mr. Vanuxem's estate, the income of the foundation is to be used for a series of public lectures delivered in Princeton annually, at least one half of which shall be on subjects of current scientific interest. The lectures are to be published and distributed among schools and libraries generally. The following lectures have already been published or are in press: 1912-13 The Theory of Permutable Functions, by Vito Volterra 1913-14 Lectures delivered in connection with the dedication of the Graduate College of Princeton University by Emile Boutroux, Alois Riehl, A. D. Godley, and Arthur Shipley 1914-15 Romance, by Sir Walter Raleigh 1915-16 A Critique of the Theory of Evolution, by Thomas Hunt Morgan LOUIS CLARK VANUXEM FOUNDATION A CRITIQUE OF THE

THEORY OF EVOLUTION BY THOMAS HUNT MORGAN PROFESSOR OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY IN COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY LECTURES DELIVERED AT PRINCETON UNIVERSITY FEBRUARY 24, MARCH 1, 8, 15, 1916 PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS PRINCETON LONDON: HUMPHREY MILFORD OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 1916 Copyright, 1916, by Princeton University Press Published October, 1916 Publisher's Mark PREFACE Occasionally one hears today the statement that we

have come to realize that we know nothing about evolution. This point of view is a healthy reaction to the over-confident belief that we knew everything about evolution. There are even those rash enough to think that in the last few years we have learned more about evolution than we might have hoped to know a few years ago. A critique therefore not only becomes a criticism of the older evidence but an appreciation of the new evidence. In the first lecture an attempt is made to put a new valuation on the traditional evidence for evolution. In the second lecture the most recent work on heredity is dealt with, for only characters that are inherited can become a part of the evolutionary process. In the third lecture the physical basis of heredity and the composition of the germ plasm stream are examined in the light of new observations; while in the fourth lecture the thesis is developed that chance variation combined with a property of living things to manifold themselves is the key note of modern evolutionary thought. T. H. Morgan July, 1916 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I A REVALUATION OF THE EVIDENCE ON WHICH T

HE THEORY OF EVOLUTION WAS BASED Preface 1 Three Kinds of Evolution . 2 The Evidence for Organic Evolution . a The Evidence from Comparative Anatomy . b The Evidence from Embryology . c The Evidence from Paleontology . 3 The Four Great Historical Speculations . a The Environment . Geoffroy St. Hilaire b Use and Disuse . From Lamarck to Weismann c The Unfolding Principle . P A G E v 1- 7 7- 27 7- 14 14 -2 3 24 -2 7 27 -3 9 27 -3 1 31 -3 4 34 -3 6

Nägeli and Bateson d Natural Selection- 3 3 6 . 9 Darwin CHAPTER II THE BEARING OF MENDEL'S DISCOVERY ON THE ORIGIN OF HEREDITY CHARACTERS 1 Mendel's First Discovery—Segregation- 4 5 1 . 2 2Mendel's Second Discovery—Independent Assor - 5 5 2 .tment 9 Th59 3 w t e h   e C   h S a a r m ac e t   e L r a s  w o s f     o W f  i I l n d  h A e n ri i t m an al c s e     a a n s d     d P o l   a th nt e s     C F h o a ll r o a-8 . cters of Domesticated Animals and Plants4 61 a Sexual Dimorphism-6 . 4 61 Eosin eye color of Drosophila-6 2 62 Color of the Clover Butterfly, Colias philodice-6 3 Color of Papilio turnus63 63 Color pattern of Papilio polytes-6 4 b 65

b Duplication of parts . Thorax of Drosophila Legs of Drosophila c Loss of characters . "Eyeless" of Drosophila Vestigial wings of Drosophila Bar eye of Drosophila -6 6 65 65 -6 6 66 -6 8 66 -6 7 67 67 -6 8 68 d Small changes of characters-7 . 0 "Speck"68 Bristles of "club"70 e Manifold effects of same factor71 . fConstant but trivial effects may be the product .of factors having other vital aspects 73 75 g Sex-linked inheritance-8 . 0 75 -7 6 in Drosophila ampelophila

in the wild species D. repleta in man in domesticated Fowls in the wild moth, Abraxas h Multiple allelomorphs . in the wild Grouse Locust in domesticated mice and rabbits in Drosophila ampelophila 76 77 77 -7 8 78 -8 0 81 -8 4 81 -8 3 83 84 84 -8 8 4 Mutation and Evolution . CHAPTER III THE FACTORIAL THEORY OF HEREDITY AND THE COMPOSITION OF THE GERM PLASM 1The Cellular Basis of Organic Evolution and Here 8 9 9 - .dity 8 2The Mechanism of Mende 98 .d in the Behavior of the Ch li r a o n m  H o e s r o e m di e ty s  Discovere - 0 1 2 10 3The Four Great Linkage Groups of Drosophila A3- .mpelophila11 8

a Group I. . b Group II. . c Group III. . d Group IV. . 4 Localization of Factors in the Chromosomes . a The Evidence from Sex Linked Inheritance . b The Evidence from Interference . c The Evidence from Non-Disjunction . 10 4- 10 9 10 9- 11 2 11 2- 11 5 11 5- 11 8 11 8- 14 2 11 8- 13 7 13 7- 13 8 13 9- 14 2